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(AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF GERMAN )Tj
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(PRONUNCIATION VARIANTS)Tj
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[(Maria-Barbar)15(a W)92(esenic)20(k)]TJ
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(Institut f\237r Phonetik und Sprachliche Kommunikation \(IPSK\), )Tj
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(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\212t M\237nchen, Schellingstra\247e 3/II, )Tj
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(80799 M\237nchen, Germany)Tj
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(wesenick@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de)Tj
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(ABSTRACT)Tj
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(The subject of this paper is a rule corpus of approx.1500 phonetic)Tj
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(rules that models segmental variation of pronunciation in German)Tj
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(connected speech. The phonetic rules express on a broad-phonetic)Tj
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(level phenomena of phonetic reduction in German that occur)Tj
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(within words and across word boundaries)Tj
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(The rule corpus has been designed as a component of the Munich)Tj
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(AUtomatic Segmentation System \(MAUS\), which is an HMM-)Tj
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(based system that produces the transcription of a speech signal and)Tj
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(corresponding segment boundaries given the orthographic)Tj
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(representation of the concerning utterance \(refer to Kipp et al. [2])Tj
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(for details\). The fact that speech is highly variable has been taken)Tj
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(into account using the rules to complement the statistical)Tj
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(modelling of German speech sounds and constrain the Viterbi-)Tj
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(search. )Tj
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(In this paper first a short introduction to the phenomenon of)Tj
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(variability of speech and our approach of dealing with this problem)Tj
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(in a technical application is presented. This is followed by a formal)Tj
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(description of the syntax of the rules and the inventory of symbols)Tj
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(that is used. Finally, I give an outline of reduction phenomena in)Tj
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(German and how they are represented in the phonetic rules.)Tj
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(1. THE REPRESENTATION OF )Tj
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(SEGMENTAL VARIATION IN GERMAN IN )Tj
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(PHONETIC RULES)Tj
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(A fundamental property of speech is that it is highly variable. No)Tj
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(two utterances of the same word are ever produced exactly the)Tj
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(same. Variability concerns the production of the same utterance of)Tj
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(different speakers as well as the repeated production of an)Tj
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(utterance by a single speaker \(inter- vs. intra-speaker variability\).)Tj
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(Variability of speech depends among other factors on the)Tj
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(immediate communicative situation, on the speechrate, speaking)Tj
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(style and complexity of the semantic contents of utterances.)Tj
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(Variability becomes apparent in the different realizations of a)Tj
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(planned utterance. These can lie in a range from very clear, slow)Tj
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(and precise to strongly reduced and fast. This scale is known as the)Tj
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(hyper-hypo continuum of speech \(Lindblom [4]\).)Tj
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(Endeavouring to be intelligible and easy to understand for a)Tj
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(listener speakers attempt on the one hand to speak clearly and with)Tj
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(precise articulation. This conflicts on the other hand with the)Tj
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(general tendency to keep the articulatory effort as low as possible.)Tj
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(In order to compromise speakers permanently adjust their)Tj
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(performance by taking into account the amount of information the)Tj
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(listener can obtain from the communicative situation and the)Tj
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(context of an utterance \(system-oriented factors\). Depending on)Tj
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(the amount of information of the system-oriented factors the)Tj
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(information that is contained in the speech signal itself \(output-)Tj
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(oriented factors\) need to be more or less explicit. Hence, the)Tj
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(expected variation of the utterances along the continuum of hyper-)Tj
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(and hypospeech.)Tj
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[( For many speech processing tasks a representation of the)]TJ
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(pronunciation of the language concerned is required which is)Tj
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(usually taken from common pronunciation dictionaries. The main)Tj
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(problem with this is that dictionaries mostly give only one possible)Tj
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(form of pronunciation which is usually not the most common form.)Tj
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(In speech technology and especially in the field of speech)Tj
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(recognition the variability of utterances is difficult to deal with. A)Tj
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(way to handle it is to grasp it in statistical word models. But if it is)Tj
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(necessary to refer to smaller units on a phonemic or broad-phonetic)Tj
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(level one has to take into account knowledge about phonetic)Tj
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(processes that lead to the variability, because free phoneme-)Tj
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(recognition has not been satisfactory yet. Concrete, complex and)Tj
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(consistent information about possible variation in pronunciation is)Tj
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(required. In segment-based speech recognition applications it is)Tj
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(indispensable to process as much information about variation in)Tj
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(pronunciation as possible for the analysis of the multifold input of)Tj
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(human speech and the development of reliable systems in the area)Tj
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(of speech technology.)Tj
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(The rule system is an attempt to grasp the different pronunciation)Tj
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(forms of an utterance within the hyper-hypo continuum on a)Tj
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(symbolic level taking into account articulatory processes. The)Tj
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(citation form, that reflects the phonemic structure of a carefully)Tj
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(pronounced single word, serves as a reference form from which all)Tj
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(other hypothesized pronunciation forms can by derived by)Tj
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(symbolic rules. Thus the rules describe in an abstract way)Tj
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(segmental differences between the reference form and the)Tj
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(pronunciation form that results form reduction.)Tj
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(The rules are based on knowledge about those articulatory)Tj
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(reductions that have been observed in manual transcriptions and)Tj
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(those that are reported in the relevant literature \(e.g. [3]\).)Tj
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(Our aim is to be able to generate with the rules all variants that may)Tj
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(occur in actual speech of standard German. For this an empirical)Tj
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(needed to find a way to provide enough rules for possible variants.)Tj
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(Therefore, the corpus was designed so that in addition to naturally)Tj
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(occurring variants also such pronunciation forms can be generated)Tj
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(that might never occur.)Tj
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(1)Tj
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[( This is necessary because a variant that)]TJ
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(we cannot describe can never be found with the system. On the)Tj
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(other hand, wrong forms cannot compete with the correct forms)Tj
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(during the Viterbi-alignment stage of MAUS. By using the)Tj
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(automatic segmentation system and evaluating its output the rule)Tj
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(corpus is successively being refined. So that gradually we obtain a)Tj
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(set of rules that ideally reflects all and only naturally occurring)Tj
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(reduction processes of German.)Tj
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(In its present form the rule corpus enables us to generate 94% of)Tj
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(the pronunciation variants that result from manual transcription of)Tj
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(the Phondat-II corpus of German read speech.)Tj
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(2. EXPRESSING SEGMENTAL VARIATION )Tj
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(OF PPRONUNCIATION IN RULES)Tj
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(The actual pronunciation forms that result from articulation)Tj
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(differences vary in every respect along a continuum because of the)Tj
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(continuous nature of the reduction of articulatory movements. For)Tj
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(a written description of the pronunciation forms the discrete)Tj
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(symbols of a phonetic alphabet are used; the labelling level of)Tj
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(MAUS and the description level of the rules respectively is a)Tj
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(broad-phonetic level.)Tj
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(2)Tj
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[( The symbols however, represent categories)]TJ
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(way.)Tj
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(Variation that is not explicitly contained in the rules or the)Tj
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(generated variants is captured by the statistical HMM-models. The)Tj
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(level of abstraction of the rules is a compromise between providing)Tj
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(a maximum amount of phonetic information and using a very)Tj
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(limited set of symbols for minimal complexity, that is aimed at in a)Tj
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(statistical modelling of speech.)Tj
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(3. INVENTORY OF USED PHONETIC )Tj
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(SYMBOLS)Tj
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(The phonetic symbols that are used in the rules are taken from the)Tj
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(SAM-phonetic alphabet for German \(as reprinted in Pompino-)Tj
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74.19 104.15 l
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[(1.)-313(That also means that we do not try to set up a complete and reliable)]TJ
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(phonological rule corpus, but a set of rules that is designed for practical)Tj
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(purposes and as a phonetic component in a technical application for speech)Tj
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(analysis.)Tj
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[(2.)-313(In our terminology we follow Barry and Fourcin [1].)]TJ
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(Marschall \(ed.\) [5]\). The symbols stand for the phonemes of)Tj
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(German. )Tj
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(Complete list of phonetic symbols used in the rules \(respectively)Tj
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(the corresponding HMMS\):)Tj
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[(\245)-1225(unreduced vowels:)]TJ
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[( )-148(a, a:, e:, I, i:, O, o:, )]TJ
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(U, u:,E, E:, 9, 2:, Y, y:)Tj
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[( )-208(@, 6)]TJ
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[(\245)-1225(diphthongs)]TJ
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[(: )-1949(aI, aU, OY)]TJ
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[(\245)-1225(plosives)]TJ
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[(: )-3262(p, b, t, d, k, g, Q)]TJ
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[(\245)-1225(fricatives: )]TJ
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(f, v, s, z, S, Z, C, j, )Tj
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(x, h)Tj
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(voiced-voiceless distinction refers to the difference in energy,)Tj
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(i )Tj
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(nature but described with discrete symbols on a broad-phonetic)Tj
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(level. Examples for rules for the concerning reduction)Tj
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(phenomenon are given and for illustration German words and their)Tj
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/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 65.193 475.941 Tm
[(5.1.)-862(Assimilation)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 456.941 Tm
0.144 Tw
(The assimilation of a segment to an adjacent segment in one or)Tj
T*
0.544 Tw
(more parameters is a frequently observed phenomenon in)Tj
T*
0.059 Tw
(connected speech. It affects the place or manner of articulation or)Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(the voicing parameter of a preceding segment \(regressive\) or a)Tj
T*
0.261 Tw
(following segment \(progressive\). Assimilations can be total or)Tj
T*
0.061 Tw
(partial and occur as well within morphemes or syllables as across)Tj
T*
(them. )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2 TD
0 Tw
(Assimilation of Place of Articulation)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.575 -2 TD
(1.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 354.941 Tm
(1tp>p)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 354.941 Tm
( \(test of courage\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 343.941 Tm
(mu:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(tp)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ro:b@ )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 203.032 343.941 Tm
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 214.165 343.941 Tm
(mu:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(p)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6 0 TD
(ro:b@)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 325.941 Tm
(2.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 325.941 Tm
(1tk>k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 325.941 Tm
( \(get, catch\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 314.941 Tm
(mI)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(tk)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ri:g@n)Tj
/F16 1 Tf
3.6 0 TD
( \256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.237 0 TD
( mI)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(k)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6 0 TD
(ri:gN)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 296.941 Tm
(3.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 296.941 Tm
(1t#k>&k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 296.941 Tm
( \(has shortly\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 285.941 Tm
(ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(t#k)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(U6ts )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
3 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(&k)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(U6ts)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 267.941 Tm
(4.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 267.941 Tm
(1b@n>bm)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 267.941 Tm
( \(give\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 256.941 Tm
(ge:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(b@n)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 183.832 256.941 Tm
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 194.965 256.941 Tm
(ge:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(bm)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 238.941 Tm
(5.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 238.941 Tm
(1k@n>k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 238.941 Tm
( \(dry\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 227.941 Tm
(trO)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(k@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.032 227.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 192.415 227.941 Tm
(trO)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(kN)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 209.941 Tm
0.164 Tw
(Examples 1. - 3. show a regressive assimilation of the place of)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
-0.013 Tw
(articulation of the first plosive to the following plosive as the result)Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(of a continuous lenition process. In connection with an elision of)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(the reduction vowel /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 144.395 176.941 Tm
(@)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 149.195 176.941 Tm
(/ predominantly a progressive assimilation)Tj
-9.334 -1.222 TD
-0.013 Tw
(of place happens. This is shown in examples 4. - 5. where the place)Tj
T*
0.016 Tw
(of articulation of the nasal involved is assimilated to the preceding)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(plosive in connection with a )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 168.936 143.941 Tm
(@)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 173.736 143.941 Tm
(-elision.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-12.06 -2 TD
(Assimilation of Manner of Articulation)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.575 -2 TD
(6.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 107.941 Tm
(1b@n>m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 107.941 Tm
( \(evening\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 96.941 Tm
(Qa:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(b@n)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 183.832 96.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 197.215 96.941 Tm
(Qa:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6 0 TD
(t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 78.941 Tm
(7.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 78.941 Tm
(1gn>Nn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 78.941 Tm
( \(magnet\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 67.941 Tm
(ma)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(gn)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(e:t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 183.832 67.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 197.215 67.941 Tm
(ma)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(Nn)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(e:t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 682.941 Tm
(8.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 682.941 Tm
(1nd>n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 682.941 Tm
( \(connection\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 671.941 Tm
(f6bI)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.4 0 TD
(nd)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(UN)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 443.75 671.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 457.133 671.941 Tm
(f6bI)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.4 0 TD
(n)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6 0 TD
(UN)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 653.941 Tm
(9.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 653.941 Tm
(1st#d>&s)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 653.941 Tm
( \(do you have\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 642.941 Tm
(has)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(t#d)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(u:)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 443.75 642.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 454.883 642.941 Tm
( ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(&s)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(u:)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 320.31 624.941 Tm
-0.016 Tw
(In 6. and 7. a regressive assimilation of manner is shown. This type)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.002 Tw
(of assimilation most frequently occurs when a nasal is involved. In)Tj
T*
0.028 Tw
(6. first occurs a )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 379.061 602.941 Tm
(@)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 383.861 602.941 Tm
(-elision \()Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 416.362 602.941 Tm
(b@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 430.762 602.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.278 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 444.653 602.941 Tm
(bn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 454.253 602.941 Tm
(\) and an assimilation of place)Tj
-14.883 -1.222 TD
(\()Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 323.307 591.941 Tm
(bn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 332.907 591.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.277 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 346.769 591.941 Tm
(bm)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 356.369 591.941 Tm
0.027 Tw
(\) before the labial plosive is assimilated to the following)Tj
-4.006 -1.222 TD
0.053 Tw
(nasal m \()Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 354.263 580.941 Tm
(bm)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 363.863 580.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.303 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 378.205 580.941 Tm
(m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 383.005 580.941 Tm
(\). In 7. the velar plosive changes to a velar nasal)Tj
-6.966 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(before the alveolar nasal. )Tj
0 -2 TD
0.2 Tw
(Examples 8. and 9. show a progressive assimilation of manner)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
-0.023 Tw
(where a segment is influence by a preceding segment in such a way)Tj
T*
0.045 Tw
(that it assimilates to the manner of articulation of this segment. In)Tj
T*
0.247 Tw
(8. the alveolar plosive changes to an alveolar nasal, in 9. the)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(alveolar plosive to an alveolar fricative.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2 TD
(Assimilation of the Voicing Parameter)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
1.575 -2 TD
(10.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 471.941 Tm
(1pz>ps)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 471.941 Tm
( \(intention\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 460.941 Tm
(Qa)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(pz)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ICt)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 438.95 460.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 452.333 460.941 Tm
(Qa)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ps)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ICt)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 442.941 Tm
(11.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 442.941 Tm
(1t#d>&d)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 442.941 Tm
( \(has the\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 431.941 Tm
(ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(t#d)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(e6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 438.95 431.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 452.333 431.941 Tm
(ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(&d)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 413.941 Tm
(12.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 413.941 Tm
(1t#d>&t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 413.941 Tm
()Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 402.941 Tm
(ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(t#d)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(e6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 438.95 402.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 452.333 402.941 Tm
(ha)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(&t)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 320.31 384.941 Tm
0.124 Tw
(This type of assimilation refers to the case that a usually voiced)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.448 Tw
(segment is pronounced unvoiced influenced by an adjacent)Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(segment that is itself voiceless. The reversed case is also possible)Tj
T*
0.077 Tw
(when a voiceless segment is pronounced voiced influenced by an)Tj
T*
-0.003 Tw
(adjacent voiced segment. This effect occurs frequently and it is not)Tj
T*
0.386 Tw
(possible to determine in every case which segment will be)Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(decisive. In examples 11. and 12. two rules may apply and the)Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(concerning alveolar plosives can be transcribed correctly whether)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(they are produced voiced or voiceless.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 320.31 273.941 Tm
[(5.2.)-862(Elision)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 254.941 Tm
(13.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 254.941 Tm
(1ftl>fl)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 254.941 Tm
( \(friendly\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 243.941 Tm
(-Sa)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(ftl)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(IC)Tj
/F16 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 443.75 243.941 Tm
( \256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 454.883 243.941 Tm
( -Sa)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.4 0 TD
(fl)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(IC)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 225.941 Tm
(14.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 225.941 Tm
(1g@l>gl)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 225.941 Tm
( \(hedgehog\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 214.941 Tm
(Qi:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(g@l)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 434.15 214.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 447.533 214.941 Tm
(Qi:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(gl)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 196.941 Tm
(15.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 196.941 Tm
(1b@n>bn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 196.941 Tm
( \(have\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 185.941 Tm
(ha:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(b@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 434.15 185.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 447.533 185.941 Tm
(ha:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(bn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.484 167.941 Tm
(16.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 167.941 Tm
(1xm>m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 167.941 Tm
( \(afternoon\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 156.941 Tm
(na:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(xm)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(Ita:k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 453.35 156.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 466.733 156.941 Tm
(na:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(m)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6 0 TD
(Ita:k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 320.31 138.941 Tm
0.028 Tw
(It is often observed that in an utterance of a word a segment is not)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.222 Tw
(realized although it is expected when the word is produced in)Tj
T*
0.314 Tw
(isolation i.e. in its canonic form. This phenomenon is called)Tj
T*
0.406 Tw
(elision. There are typical elisions that occur frequently and)Tj
T*
0.006 Tw
(regularly as e.g. the elision of the apical plosive /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 497.51 94.941 Tm
(t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 502.31 94.941 Tm
(/ \(see 13.\) or the)Tj
-20.222 -1.222 TD
0.133 Tw
(elision of )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 358.707 83.941 Tm
(/@/)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 373.107 83.941 Tm
[( in a word final syllable \(see 14. and 15.\). Not as)]TJ
-5.866 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(frequent is the occasionally observed elision of a back fricative as )Tj
T*
(/)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 322.812 61.941 Tm
(C)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 327.612 61.941 Tm
(/, /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 337.116 61.941 Tm
(x)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 341.916 61.941 Tm
(/ or /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 358.917 61.941 Tm
(h)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 363.717 61.941 Tm
(/ \(see 16.\).)Tj
ET
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BT
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 65.193 680.941 Tm
0 Tr
0 g
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(5.3.)-862(Substitution of the Glottal Stop for )]TJ
2.362 -1.167 TD
(Plosives)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 647.941 Tm
(17.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 647.941 Tm
(1tm>Qm)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 647.941 Tm
( \(to take part\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 636.941 Tm
(mI)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(tm)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(ax@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 188.632 636.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 202.015 636.941 Tm
(mi)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(Qm)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(axN)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 618.941 Tm
(18.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 618.941 Tm
(1k#m>Q#m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 618.941 Tm
( \(look\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 607.941 Tm
(kU)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(k#m)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(a:l)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 188.632 607.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 202.015 607.941 Tm
(kU)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.2 0 TD
(Q#m)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.8 0 TD
(a:l)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 589.941 Tm
0.091 Tw
(Dealing with segmentation and transcription of connected speech)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.297 Tw
(we noticed that sometimes speakers presumably glottalize the)Tj
T*
0.081 Tw
(voiceless plosives /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 136.152 567.941 Tm
(p)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 140.952 567.941 Tm
(/, /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 151.186 567.941 Tm
(t)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 155.986 567.941 Tm
(/, /)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 166.221 567.941 Tm
(k)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 171.021 567.941 Tm
(/, i.e. they produce them with closed)Tj
-11.759 -1.222 TD
0.048 Tw
(glottis or substitute a glottal stop for them. It occurs after a vowel)Tj
T*
0.117 Tw
(when a voiceless plosive and at least another consonant follows.)Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(This phenomenon is well known e.g. for British and American)Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(English, Swedish or Danish where a glottal reinforcement and a)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(glottal replacement of plosives are described \(see e.g. Roach [6]\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 65.193 489.941 Tm
[(5.4.)-862(Vocalization of /l/)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 470.941 Tm
(19.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 470.941 Tm
(1lz>@z)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 470.941 Tm
( \(well\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 459.941 Tm
(Qalzo:)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.032 459.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 190.165 459.941 Tm
( Qa@zo:)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 441.941 Tm
(20.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 441.941 Tm
(1lS>@S)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 441.941 Tm
( \(wrong\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 430.941 Tm
(falS)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 169.432 430.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 182.815 430.941 Tm
(fa@S)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 412.941 Tm
0.178 Tw
(Instead of the alveolar lateral in connected speech a vowel can)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.222 Tw
(often be observed. Its quality depends on the context but it is)Tj
T*
0.133 Tw
(usually a rather lax central vowel and therefore described in the)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(rule with the symbol \324)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 144.69 379.941 Tm
(@)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 149.49 379.941 Tm
(\325.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 65.193 356.941 Tm
[(5.5.)-862(Consonant Epenthesis)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 337.941 Tm
(21.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 337.941 Tm
(1mC>mpC)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 337.941 Tm
( \(little lamb\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 326.941 Tm
(lEmC@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.032 326.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 192.415 326.941 Tm
(lEmpC@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 308.941 Tm
(22.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 308.941 Tm
(1mpC>mC)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 308.941 Tm
(\(little lamp\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 297.941 Tm
(lEmpC@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 183.832 297.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 197.215 297.941 Tm
(lEmC@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 279.941 Tm
(23.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 279.941 Tm
(1nf>ntf)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 279.941 Tm
( \(five\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 268.941 Tm
(fYnf)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 169.432 268.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 180.565 268.941 Tm
( fYntf)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 250.941 Tm
0.219 Tw
(In consonant combinations that consist of a nasal/lateral and a)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.017 Tw
(following fricative/plosive an epenthetic consonant can occur. It is)Tj
T*
0.037 Tw
(either an alveolar plosive after /l/ or a plosive with the same place)Tj
T*
0.021 Tw
(of articulation as the preceding nasal. Respectively, this consonant)Tj
T*
0.211 Tw
(can be omitted if the intended articulation is a combination of)Tj
T*
0.374 Tw
(nasal/lateral and following plosive and fricative/plosive. This)Tj
T*
0.132 Tw
(phenomenon can be explained with the different coordination of)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(the articulators that are involved. )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 65.193 150.941 Tm
[(5.6.)-862(Lenition)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 131.941 Tm
(24.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 131.941 Tm
(1t@n>dn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 131.941 Tm
( \(good\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 120.941 Tm
(gu:t@n)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.032 120.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 192.415 120.941 Tm
(gu:dn)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 79.366 102.941 Tm
(25.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 93.539 102.941 Tm
(1Cs>js)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 150.232 102.941 Tm
( \(next\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 150.232 91.941 Tm
(nECst6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.032 91.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 192.415 91.941 Tm
(nEjst6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 65.193 73.941 Tm
0.083 Tw
(The term lenition refers to changes of one or more segments that)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.065 Tw
(are due to a higher speech rate and a not very precise articulation)Tj
28.346 68.889 TD
0.006 Tw
(and reduced articulatory effort i.e. less muscular effort and energy.)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.404 Tw
(Voiceless fricatives may be realized voiced or in a further)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(reduction stage as frictionless approximants. Fortis-plosives may)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(be unaspirated, lenis plosives or even fricatives. )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 320.31 626.941 Tm
[(5.7.)-862(Realizations of /r/)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 320.31 607.941 Tm
0.167 Tw
(The /r/ phoneme in German can be produced in many different)Tj
T*
0.038 Tw
(ways, mainly depending on dialect and speaking style. But also in)Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(standard German a number of variants exist. They can be divided)Tj
T*
0.049 Tw
(into consonantal \(/X/\) and vocalic \(/@/, /6/\) realizations. Here the)Tj
T*
0.308 Tw
(distribution is to a large extent complementary. But in some)Tj
T*
0.014 Tw
(contexts both variants are possible, most likely when the /r/ occurs)Tj
T*
0.067 Tw
(at the end of a syllable after a lax vowel \(see 26.\). With the rules)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(we can grasp this distribution.)Tj
1.575 -2 TD
(26.)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 348.657 512.941 Tm
(1!vr>!v6)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 405.35 512.941 Tm
( \(error\), \(deer\))Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 501.941 Tm
(QIrtu:m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 438.95 501.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 452.333 501.941 Tm
(QI6tu:m)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 485.933 501.941 Tm
(, )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 405.35 490.941 Tm
(hIrS)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 424.55 490.941 Tm
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.25 0 TD
(\256)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.987 0 TD
( )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 437.933 490.941 Tm
(hI6S)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 347.273 467.941 Tm
(6. APPLICATION OF THE RULES)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 320.31 448.941 Tm
0.164 Tw
(For effective further processing the canonic forms of the words)Tj
0 -1.222 TD
0.033 Tw
(that are contained in an utterance, which are taken from a lexicon,)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(are held in form of a linear graph which is extended by applying)Tj
T*
0.275 Tw
(the rules. The result is a complex graph which represents all)Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(hypothesized pronunciation variants of the concerning utterance)Tj
T*
0.045 Tw
(including word boundary effects. For details about the application)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(procedure refer to Kipp et al. [2].)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 394.445 359.941 Tm
(7. REFERENCES)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 334.31 340.941 Tm
0.448 Tw
[(1.)-806(Barry, W. J, Fourcin, A. J.: \322Levels of Labelling\323,)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(Computer, Speech and Language 6, 1992, pp. 1-14.)Tj
-1.556 -2 TD
0.601 Tw
[(2.)-806(Kipp, A., Wesenick, M.-B., Schiel F.: \322Automatic)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0.12 Tw
(Detection and Segmentation of Pronunciation Variants in)Tj
T*
0.269 Tw
(German Speech Corpora\323, these Proc. of ICSLP 1996,)Tj
T*
(Philadelphia.)Tj
-1.556 -2 TD
0.039 Tw
[(3.)-806(Kohler, K. J.: \322Segmental Reduction in Connected Speech)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
-0.04 Tw
(in German\323, in: W. J. Hardcastle, A. Marchal \(eds.\): )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
20.828 0 TD
(Speech)Tj
-20.828 -1.222 TD
0.327 Tw
(Production and Speech Modelling.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
14.925 0 TD
[( Kluwer, Dordrecht:)]TJ
-14.925 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(1990, pp. 69 - 92.)Tj
-1.556 -2 TD
0.233 Tw
[(4.)-806(Lindblom, B. \322Explaining phonetic variation\323 in: W. J.)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0.329 Tw
(Hardcastle, A. Marchal \(eds.\):)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
13.093 0 TD
[( Speech Production and)]TJ
-13.093 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(Speech Modelling)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
7.193 0 TD
(, Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1990, pp. 403-439.)Tj
-8.749 -2 TD
0.194 Tw
[(5.)-806(Pompino-Marschall, B. \(ed.\): \322PHONDAT. Verbundvor-)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0.572 Tw
(haben zum Aufbau einer Sprachsignaldatenbank f\237r)Tj
T*
0.604 Tw
(gesprochenes Deutsch\323, Forschungsbericht des IPSK)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(\(FIPKM\) 30, 99 - 128, 1992.)Tj
-1.556 -2 TD
0.11 Tw
[(6.)-806(Roach, P.J.: \322Laryngeal-oral Coarticulation in Glottalized)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0 Tw
(English Plosives\323 JIPA 9, 1979, pp. 2-6.)Tj
-1.556 -2 TD
0.289 Tw
[(7.)-806(Wesenick, M.-B., Kipp, A. \322Estimating the Quality of)]TJ
1.556 -1.222 TD
0.416 Tw
(Phonetic Transcriptions and Segmentations of Speech)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Signals\323, these Proc. of ICSLP 1996, Philadelphia.)Tj
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