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Our paper)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.071 Tw (re-examines the effect of linguistic experience on adults\325 vowel)Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.105 Tw [(perception. First, identification and goodness functions for the)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc 0.053 Tw (high front quadrant of the vowel space were mapped for)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.092 Tw [(speakers of Swedish, English, and Spanish. Second, speakers)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.073 Tw (performed a discrimination task for one vector in this vowel)Tj T* 0.009 Tc 0.09 Tw [(space. Stimuli along this vector were identified by Swedish)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.115 Tw (speakers as belonging to the Swedish front rounded vowel)Tj T* 0.01 Tc 0.101 Tw (series /)Tj /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 84.88 482 Tm (\347)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 92.462 482 Tm 0.099 Tw [(:/ - /\232:/. However, English and Spanish speakers)]TJ -3.829 -1.333 TD 0.095 Tw (reported that the stimuli were not in their language.)Tj 0 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.085 Tw (Significant differences in discriminability of these stimuli were)Tj T* 0.007 Tc 0.07 Tw [(observed across speakers of different languages. Our results)]TJ T* 0.011 Tc 0.114 Tw (show that linguistic experience plays a significant role in)Tj T* 0.02 Tc 0.205 Tw (vowel discrimination.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 123 407 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1. INTRODUCTION)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 387 Tm 0.01 Tc 0.704 Tw [(Research on )-22(speech )-152(perception )]TJ 16.111 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.93 Tw (shows that )Tj 6.444 0 TD 0.056 Tc (linguistic)Tj -22.556 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.481 Tw [(experience plays )-86(a)34( )]TJ 9.222 0 TD 0.023 Tc (substantial )Tj 5.444 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.495 Tw [(role in )-9(the )-115(perception )-205(o)65(f)]TJ -14.667 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.143 Tw [(consonants in adults \(Miyawaki )-97(e)12(t)12( )]TJ 15.222 0 TD -0.007 Tc (al., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.264 Tw [(1975; Iverson )52(&)42( )]TJ 7.556 0 TD 0.049 Tc (Kuhl,)Tj -24.333 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc (1996\). )Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.92 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.515 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.048 Tw (The effect of linguistic experience on vowel )Tj 18.565 0 TD 0.031 Tc (perception,)Tj -22 -1.111 TD 0.004 Tc 0.059 Tw [(on the other hand, has )-106(seemed )]TJ 13.222 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.196 Tw [(less robust )-57(i)7(n)7( )29(adults )]TJ 9.333 0 TD 0.049 Tc (\(although)Tj -22.556 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.061 Tw (see Kuhl et )Tj 5.111 0 TD -0.007 Tc (al., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.014 Tc (1992 )Tj 2.556 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.016 Tc (robust )Tj 3.111 0 TD -0.02 Tc 0.131 Tw [(effects o)22(f)22( )]TJ 4 0 TD 0.024 Tc (linguistic )Tj 4.556 0 TD 0.013 Tc (experience)Tj -22.333 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.087 Tw [(on vowel perception in infants\). 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We ask two main questions: 1\) How do)]TJ T* 0.011 Tc 0.209 Tw [(speakers o)53(f)53( )]TJ 5.111 0 TD -0.003 Tc (different )Tj 3.778 0 TD 0.016 Tc (languages )Tj 4.667 0 TD -0.028 Tc (map )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.34 Tw [(vowel space? )7(2)10(\))10( )106(How )23(i)-99(s)]TJ -15.667 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.095 Tw (vowel discrimination affected by experience?)Tj 0 -2.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.105 Tw [( )45(Figures )-59(1)6(,)6( 2)6(,)6( and )-65(3 )]TJ 8.778 0 TD 0.018 Tc (display )Tj 3.556 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.285 Tw (the front, )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.323 Tw [(high-mid corner )56(o)50(f)50( )109(t)-48(h)-48(e)]TJ -16.778 -1.111 TD 0.004 Tc 0.053 Tw [(vowel space. Mean production data from three )-103(different )]TJ 23.667 0 TD 0.056 Tc (studies)Tj -23.667 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.1 Tw [(in three different languages: Swedish, English, and Spanish )-103(a)10(r)10(e)]TJ T* 0.006 Tc 0.051 Tw [(reproduced here. 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Tw [(the vowel )-65(space )]TJ 7.333 0 TD 0.019 Tc (approximately)Tj -20.778 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.066 Tw [(equivalent to that shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. )-107(I)6(n)6( )-61(Experiment)]TJ T* -0.002 Tc 0 Tw (II, the same speakers perform a )Tj 13.111 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.269 Tw (discrimination task )Tj 8.667 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.139 Tw (for a )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.056 Tc (subset)Tj -24 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.053 Tw [(of vowels in Experiment I which cross a category )]TJ 21.222 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.265 Tw [(boundary f)44(o)44(r)]TJ -21.222 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.108 Tw (Swedish speakers but not for English or Spanish speakers.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 95 409 Tm -0.019 Tc 0 Tw (2. EXPERIMENT I: METHODS)Tj -3.083 -2 TD 0.001 Tc 0.007 Tw [(2.1. Participants)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 365 Tm 0.002 Tc (Fifteen )Tj 3.222 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.246 Tw (Swedish speakers, )Tj 8.333 0 TD -0.012 Tc (fifteen )Tj 3 0 TD 0.002 Tc (American )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.023 Tc 0.412 Tw (English speakers,)Tj -19 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.165 Tw [(and eleven )-23(Spanish )-82(speakers )]TJ 12.778 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.345 Tw [(participated )85(i)9(n)9( )69(this study. )167(T)16(h)16(e)]TJ -12.778 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc 0.579 Tw (Swedish speakers )Tj 8.667 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.459 Tw [(were run )-155(at )-114(Stockholm )]TJ 11.778 0 TD 0.021 Tc 0.743 Tw [(University i)-90(n)]TJ -20.444 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.093 Tw (Sweden, the English speakers at the University of )Tj 21.444 0 TD 0.056 Tc (Washington)Tj -21.444 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.279 Tw [(in Seattle, and the Spanish )-81(speakers )-43(a)7(t)7( )-69(the )]TJ 19.889 0 TD -0.016 Tc (Texas )Tj 2.889 0 TD 0.042 Tc (Intensive)Tj -22.778 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.115 Tw [(English Program in Austin. All participants were adult, native)]TJ T* 0.207 Tw [(speakers o)54(f)54( )108(their )15(particular )-18(language )-32(who reported having )-160(n)-99(o)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.264 Tw (known hearing )Tj 6.889 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.13 Tw [(impairments. All )-81(speakers )-194(were )-106(paid )]TJ 16.333 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.042 Tc (their)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.036 Tc (participation.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 58 262 Tm -0.011 Tc 0 Tw (2.2. Apparatus)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 242 Tm -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 2 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.328 Tw (stimuli were )Tj 5.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.404 Tw [(synthesized a)15(t)15( )175(a)44( )199(10kHz )69(16-bit )]TJ 14.111 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.349 Tw [(sample p)-26(e)-26(r)]TJ -22 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.315 Tw [(second. )127(They )78(were )]TJ 9.111 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.34 Tw [(presented b)8(y)8( )63(a)42( )133(SoundBlaster )-31(1)8(6)8( )]TJ 14.778 0 TD 0.056 Tc (digital)Tj -23.889 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.076 Tw (audio board controlled by a Compaq 486 microcomputer )Tj 24.111 0 TD 0.056 Tc (which)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.015 Tc 0.218 Tw (played through )Tj 7 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.168 Tw [(the right-ear )-39(speaker )-18(o)50(f)50( )65(a)35( )-46(pair )-106(o)50(f)50( )]TJ 14.556 0 TD 0.033 Tc (Telephonics)Tj -21.556 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.079 Tw [(TDH 39P headphones. The participants sat in a quiet room and)]TJ T* 0.016 Tc (responses )Tj 4.556 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.125 Tw [(were entered )-62(and )-44(recorded )]TJ 11.667 0 TD 0.017 Tc (using )Tj 2.778 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.282 Tw (the computer )Tj 6.111 0 TD 0.056 Tc (that)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.115 Tw (controlled the presentation of the stimuli.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 58 159 Tm 0.014 Tc 0.146 Tw (2.3. Stimuli)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 139 Tm -0.002 Tc 0.335 Tw (There were )Tj 5.444 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.427 Tw [(sixty-six stimuli )-12(in )32(a)6(n)6( )78(F1-F2 )46(grid, )28(all )]TJ 18.111 0 TD 0.046 Tc (equally)Tj -23.556 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.091 Tw (spaced along the )Tj 7.444 0 TD -0.028 Tc (mel )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.141 Tw [(scale. F1 )13(ranged )]TJ 7.333 0 TD -0.048 Tc (from )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.011 Tc (250 )Tj 2 0 TD -0.007 Tc (mels )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.201 Tw [(\(189 H)-18(z)-18(\))]TJ -22.889 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.054 Tw (to 500 mels \(414 Hz\) and F2 ranged )Tj 15.444 0 TD -0.048 Tc (from )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.014 Tc (1300 )Tj 2.556 0 TD -0.007 Tc (mels )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.228 Tw [(\(1462 H)-15(z)-15(\))]TJ -22.333 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.278 Tw [(t)7(o)7( 1800 )]TJ 4 0 TD -0.007 Tc (mels )Tj 2.333 0 TD 0.013 Tc (\(2482 )Tj 3 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.227 Tw [(Hz\). )29(The )]TJ 4.778 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.439 Tw (stimuli were )Tj 6.111 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.512 Tw [(synthesized a)-36(s)]TJ -20.222 -1.111 TD 0.021 Tc 0.416 Tw [(monophthongs a)19(t)19( )191(5)14(0)14( )]TJ 9.667 0 TD -0.028 Tc (mel )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.339 Tw [(steps i)6(n)6( )]TJ 4 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.236 Tw [(each dimension. )-90( )49(F3 )-113(w)-49(a)-49(s)]TJ -15.556 -1.111 TD 0.015 Tc 0.222 Tw [(calculated using )-40(a)42( )126(regression )]TJ 13 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.123 Tw [(formula o)-19(n)-19( )-70(F)-14(1)-14( )]TJ 6.444 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.279 Tw [(and F)6(2)6( )42(that )-35(w)-48(a)-48(s)]TJ 9 68.444 TD 0.01 Tc 0.089 Tw [(published in Neary \(1989\) and shown to be a )-103(good )]TJ 22.111 0 TD -0.009 Tc (fit )Tj 1.222 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.074 Tc (both)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.246 Tw (Swedish and )Tj 5.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.307 Tw [(English vowels. )82( )]TJ 7.778 0 TD -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.207 Tw [(function is )39(a)10(s)10( )84(follows: )-31(F)-43(3)]TJ -15.556 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.338 Tw [(Hz= )108(0.522\(F1 Hz\) )102(+)44( )124(1.197\(F2 Hz\) )102(+)44( )124(57. )81( )]TJ 19.222 0 TD -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.473 Tw (tokens were)Tj -21.333 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc 0.342 Tw [(equalized i)6(n)6( )]TJ 5.889 0 TD -0.01 Tc (RMS )Tj 2.556 0 TD 0.022 Tc (intensity )Tj 4.333 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.279 Tw [(and were )44(615 )-42(m)50(s)50( )-46(long. )-157( )]TJ 11.556 0 TD 0.042 Tc (Other)Tj -24.333 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.061 Tw (synthesis parameters were the same for all tokens.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 314 642 Tm -0.002 Tc 0 Tw (2.4. Procedure)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 314 622 Tm 0.013 Tc 0.116 Tw [(Identification and )-100(goodness )-182(proceeded )-86(i)6(n)6( )]TJ 18.222 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.16 Tw [(three stages. )-41( )85(I)6(n)6( )33(t)-48(h)-48(e)]TJ -18.222 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.125 Tw (first stage, )Tj 4.778 0 TD 0.019 Tc (participants )Tj 5.444 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.124 Tw [(were asked )-183(whether )-205(the )]TJ 10.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc (sound )Tj 3.111 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.281 Tw (was a)Tj -24.222 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.1 Tw [(vowel in )-101(their )-94(native )-123(language )-141(o)8(r)8( )-25(not. )-81( )27(I)79(f)79( the )-66(answer )-89(was )]TJ 25.111 0 TD 0.028 Tc (yes,)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.081 Tw [(then in the second stage the )-103(listener )-159(identified )-146(the )-85(vowel )]TJ 24.778 0 TD 0.074 Tc (with)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD -0.009 Tc 0.12 Tw [(reference t)-16(o)-16( )]TJ 5.222 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.356 Tw [(his/her native )25(language )7(categories. )40( )]TJ 16.333 0 TD -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 2 0 TD 0.04 Tc (listener)Tj -23.556 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.066 Tw (did this by referring to a list of common words in that particular)Tj T* 0.014 Tc 0.237 Tw (language which )Tj 7.222 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.11 Tw [(exemplified all )-65(the )]TJ 8.333 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.34 Tw [(vowel categories. )23( )158(I)10(n)10( )106(t)-44(h)-44(e)]TJ -15.556 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.232 Tw [(third stage, )60(the )65(listener )-9(rated )73(the )]TJ 14.556 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.291 Tw [(goodness o)62(f)62( )]TJ 5.556 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.167 Tw [(the vowel )-65(on )-116(a)]TJ -20.111 -1.111 TD 0.004 Tc 0.027 Tw [(scale of 1 \(poor\) to 7 \(good\). If in the first )-107(stage )-173(the )]TJ 22.111 0 TD 0.039 Tc (participant)Tj -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.085 Tw [(said that the vowel was not in their )-102(language, )-134(then )-116(he/she )-138(w)-46(a)-46(s)]TJ T* 0.013 Tc 0.264 Tw [(still asked )73(t)6(o)6( )96(choose )]TJ 9.444 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.166 Tw [(the vowel )-65(that )-146(best )]TJ 9 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.234 Tw (matched what )Tj 6.444 0 TD 0.056 Tc (they)Tj -24.889 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.109 Tw [(heard, although they did not )-102(have )-54(to )-63(rate )-14(the )]TJ 19.556 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.291 Tw [(goodness o)62(f)62( )]TJ 5.556 0 TD 0.056 Tc (that)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.077 Tw [(sound. The instructions for the task and )-105(the )-92(computer )-75(interface)]TJ T* 0.393 Tw [(were )46(all in the native )]TJ 10.778 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.46 Tw [(language o)55(f)55( )140(the )75(participant. )-124( )]TJ 13.889 0 TD 0.038 Tc (Each)Tj -24.667 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.075 Tw [(participant completed a block of ten practice trials )-102(presented )-160(i)-102(n)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.573 Tw [(random order. )-128( )-65(After )]TJ 11.111 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.722 Tw [(the practice, they )-37(completed )-11(a)-49(n)]TJ -11.111 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.08 Tw [(experimental session of 198 trials \(3 blocks )-102(o)51(f)51( )-22(66 )-92(tokens\) )]TJ 24.778 0 TD 0.074 Tc (with)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.046 Tw [(the order of trials )-106(randomized )]TJ 12.778 0 TD 0.019 Tc (within )Tj 3.222 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.125 Tw [(each block. )-84( )]TJ 5.556 0 TD 0.046 Tc (Participants)Tj -21.556 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.085 Tw [(were allowed to hear the sounds )-104(a)7(s)7( )]TJ 15.222 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0.112 Tw [(many times )-19(as )]TJ 6.333 0 TD 0.01 Tc (they )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.034 Tc (needed)Tj -23.778 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.068 Tw (in order to make their judgments.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 314 409 Tm 0.066 Tw (2.5. Results)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 314 389 Tm 0.011 Tc 0.347 Tw [(A)8( stimulus )-113(had )-40(to )-45(b)9(e)9( reported )-84(a)9(s)9( )]TJ 16.333 0 TD 0.022 Tc 0.642 Tw [(belonging t)15(o)15( )150(a)49( )]TJ 7.778 0 TD 0.045 Tc (native)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.24 Tw [(language vowel )10(category )30(in )70(stage )47(1)8( )115(o)53(f)53( )140(the )]TJ 18.667 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.125 Tw (experiment at )Tj 6.111 0 TD 0.042 Tc (least)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.543 Tw [(50% o)51(f)51( )107(the )]TJ 6.111 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0.452 Tw [(time i)-14(n)-14( )]TJ 4 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.491 Tw [(order to )-13(undergo )]TJ 8.667 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.602 Tw [(identification a)-39(n)-39(d)]TJ -18.778 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.115 Tw [(goodness calculations. Stimuli that did not reach this criterion)]TJ T* 0.006 Tc 0.105 Tw [(are )40(represented )40(by )-65(an )-24(empty )-19(space )-57(in )-70(Figures )-114(4)6(,)6( 5)6(,)6( and )-65(6)6(.)6( )28(T)6(h)6(e)]TJ T* 0.008 Tc 0.078 Tw (category identified the majority of the time was assigned to that)Tj T* 0.015 Tc 0.423 Tw [(token. )132(Goodness )-207(ratings )]TJ 12.444 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.5 Tw [(the majority )-13(category )]TJ 10.556 0 TD 0.019 Tc (were)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.078 Tw [(averaged across subjects and are shown for each token.)-216( )]TJ 0 -2.111 TD 0.084 Tw [(The identification responses observed in Figures 4, 5, and 6 )-105(a)8(r)8(e)]TJ 0 -1.111 TD 0.083 Tw [(similar to the production data in Figures 1, )-102(2)8(,)8( )-20(and )-85(3)8(.)8( )-20( )]TJ 22.889 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.116 Tw (The main)Tj -22.889 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc (departure )Tj 4.444 0 TD -0.048 Tc (from )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.021 Tc (production )Tj 5.222 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.275 Tw [(data is )-8(that )]TJ 5.556 0 TD 0.021 Tc (English )Tj 3.889 0 TD 0.032 Tc (speakers)Tj -23.111 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.323 Tw [(identify part )48(o)49(f)49( )108(the )43(front )]TJ 11.333 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.359 Tw [(rounded vowel )-93(space )-20(a)9(s)9( )13(the )]TJ 13.444 0 TD 0.037 Tc (back)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc 0.246 Tw [(rounded vowel )18(/u/ )41(a)11(s)11( )124(i)6(n)6( )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 10.889 0 TD 0.033 Tc (boot)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1.908 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.131 Tw [(,)10( though )-269(they )-178(d)6(o)6( )-148(not )-185(give )]TJ 12.314 0 TD 0.074 Tc (this)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.433 Tw [(category a)37( )110(very )49(high )]TJ 10.222 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.519 Tw [(goodness rating. )102( )228(Spanish )]TJ 12.667 0 TD 0.025 Tc (speakers,)Tj -22.889 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.197 Tw [(however, do )24(not )-13(assimilate )-115(the )-82(front )]TJ 16.333 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.356 Tw [(rounded vowel )18(t)7(o)7( )]TJ 8.444 0 TD 0.042 Tc (their)Tj -24.778 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.105 Tw [(back rounded vowel /u/. In addition, English speakers did )-102(n)-72(o)-72(t)]TJ T* 0.006 Tc 0.281 Tw (use the )Tj 3.667 0 TD -0.009 Tc (lax )Tj 1.667 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.275 Tw [(/I/ vowel )-177(in )-117(their )-140(labeling. )]TJ 13 0 TD 0.023 Tc (Although )Tj 4.778 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.056 Tc (grid)Tj -25 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc (encompasses )Tj 5.778 0 TD -0.012 Tc (formant )Tj 3.444 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.167 Tw [(frequencies normally )-11(associated )-87(with )]TJ 16.333 0 TD 0.028 Tc (/I/,)Tj -25.556 -1.111 TD -0.028 Tc 0.209 Tw [(i)-35(t)-35( may )70(b)-30(e)-30( )]TJ 4.333 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.202 Tw (that the )Tj 3.667 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.264 Tw [(duration o)59(f)59( )]TJ 5.111 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.166 Tw [(the stimuli )-49(\(615 )]TJ 7.444 0 TD -0.028 Tc (ms\) )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.238 Tw [(favors t)-54(h)-54(e)]TJ -22.444 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc 0.272 Tw [(identification o)55(f)55( )174(longer, )76(tense )81(vowels. )43( )]TJ 17.111 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.293 Tw [(Goodness ratings )53(o)60(f)60( )200(4)]TJ -17.111 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125.5 698.532 125.5 703.5 c 125.5 708.468 129.308 712.5 134 712.5 c 138.692 712.5 142.5 708.468 142.5 703.5 c s 171 672.5 m 171 668.36 167.416 665 163 665 c 158.584 665 155 668.36 155 672.5 c 155 676.64 158.584 680 163 680 c 167.416 680 171 676.64 171 672.5 c f 170.5 672.5 m 170.5 668.636 167.14 665.5 163 665.5 c 158.86 665.5 155.5 668.636 155.5 672.5 c 155.5 676.364 158.86 679.5 163 679.5 c 167.14 679.5 170.5 676.364 170.5 672.5 c s 171 687.5 m 171 682.808 167.192 679 162.5 679 c 157.808 679 154 682.808 154 687.5 c 154 692.192 157.808 696 162.5 696 c 167.192 696 171 692.192 171 687.5 c f 170.5 687.5 m 170.5 683.084 166.916 679.5 162.5 679.5 c 158.084 679.5 154.5 683.084 154.5 687.5 c 154.5 691.916 158.084 695.5 162.5 695.5 c 166.916 695.5 170.5 691.916 170.5 687.5 c s 172 703.5 m 172 698.256 167.968 694 163 694 c 158.032 694 154 698.256 154 703.5 c 154 708.744 158.032 713 163 713 c 167.968 713 172 708.744 172 703.5 c f 171.5 703.5 m 171.5 698.532 167.692 694.5 163 694.5 c 158.308 694.5 154.5 698.532 154.5 703.5 c 154.5 708.468 158.308 712.5 163 712.5 c 167.692 712.5 171.5 708.468 171.5 703.5 c s 0.902 g 113 641.5 m 113 637.36 109.64 634 105.5 634 c 101.36 634 98 637.36 98 641.5 c 98 645.64 101.36 649 105.5 649 c 109.64 649 113 645.64 113 641.5 c f 112.5 641.5 m 112.5 637.636 109.364 634.5 105.5 634.5 c 101.636 634.5 98.5 637.636 98.5 641.5 c 98.5 645.364 101.636 648.5 105.5 648.5 c 109.364 648.5 112.5 645.364 112.5 641.5 c s 115 656.5 m 115 651.256 110.968 647 106 647 c 101.032 647 97 651.256 97 656.5 c 97 661.744 101.032 666 106 666 c 110.968 666 115 661.744 115 656.5 c f 114.5 656.5 m 114.5 651.532 110.692 647.5 106 647.5 c 101.308 647.5 97.5 651.532 97.5 656.5 c 97.5 661.468 101.308 665.5 106 665.5 c 110.692 665.5 114.5 661.468 114.5 656.5 c s 114 672.5 m 114 667.808 110.416 664 106 664 c 101.584 664 98 667.808 98 672.5 c 98 677.192 101.584 681 106 681 c 110.416 681 114 677.192 114 672.5 c f 113.5 672.5 m 113.5 668.084 110.14 664.5 106 664.5 c 101.86 664.5 98.5 668.084 98.5 672.5 c 98.5 676.916 101.86 680.5 106 680.5 c 110.14 680.5 113.5 676.916 113.5 672.5 c s 114 688 m 114 683.584 110.416 680 106 680 c 101.584 680 98 683.584 98 688 c 98 692.416 101.584 696 106 696 c 110.416 696 114 692.416 114 688 c f 113.5 688 m 113.5 683.86 110.14 680.5 106 680.5 c 101.86 680.5 98.5 683.86 98.5 688 c 98.5 692.14 101.86 695.5 106 695.5 c 110.14 695.5 113.5 692.14 113.5 688 c s 143 657 m 143 652.032 139.192 648 134.5 648 c 129.808 648 126 652.032 126 657 c 126 661.968 129.808 666 134.5 666 c 139.192 666 143 661.968 143 657 c f 142.5 657 m 142.5 652.308 138.916 648.5 134.5 648.5 c 130.084 648.5 126.5 652.308 126.5 657 c 126.5 661.692 130.084 665.5 134.5 665.5 c 138.916 665.5 142.5 661.692 142.5 657 c s 143 672 m 143 667.032 138.968 663 134 663 c 129.032 663 125 667.032 125 672 c 125 676.968 129.032 681 134 681 c 138.968 681 143 676.968 143 672 c f 142.5 672 m 142.5 667.308 138.692 663.5 134 663.5 c 129.308 663.5 125.5 667.308 125.5 672 c 125.5 676.692 129.308 680.5 134 680.5 c 138.692 680.5 142.5 676.692 142.5 672 c s 171 657 m 171 652.032 167.192 648 162.5 648 c 157.808 648 154 652.032 154 657 c 154 661.968 157.808 666 162.5 666 c 167.192 666 171 661.968 171 657 c f 170.5 657 m 170.5 652.308 166.916 648.5 162.5 648.5 c 158.084 648.5 154.5 652.308 154.5 657 c 154.5 661.692 158.084 665.5 162.5 665.5 c 166.916 665.5 170.5 661.692 170.5 657 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 194 548.5 m 194 547.12 192.656 546 191 546 c 189.344 546 188 547.12 188 548.5 c 188 549.88 189.344 551 191 551 c 192.656 551 194 549.88 194 548.5 c f 193.5 548.5 m 193.5 547.396 192.38 546.5 191 546.5 c 189.62 546.5 188.5 547.396 188.5 548.5 c 188.5 549.604 189.62 550.5 191 550.5 c 192.38 550.5 193.5 549.604 193.5 548.5 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 226 548.5 m 226 544.912 223.088 542 219.5 542 c 215.912 542 213 544.912 213 548.5 c 213 552.088 215.912 555 219.5 555 c 223.088 555 226 552.088 226 548.5 c f 225.5 548.5 m 225.5 545.188 222.812 542.5 219.5 542.5 c 216.188 542.5 213.5 545.188 213.5 548.5 c 213.5 551.812 216.188 554.5 219.5 554.5 c 222.812 554.5 225.5 551.812 225.5 548.5 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 229 564 m 229 559.032 224.968 555 220 555 c 215.032 555 211 559.032 211 564 c 211 568.968 215.032 573 220 573 c 224.968 573 229 568.968 229 564 c f 228.5 564 m 228.5 559.308 224.692 555.5 220 555.5 c 215.308 555.5 211.5 559.308 211.5 564 c 211.5 568.692 215.308 572.5 220 572.5 c 224.692 572.5 228.5 568.692 228.5 564 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 228 579.5 m 228 574.808 224.192 571 219.5 571 c 214.808 571 211 574.808 211 579.5 c 211 584.192 214.808 588 219.5 588 c 224.192 588 228 584.192 228 579.5 c f 227.5 579.5 m 227.5 575.084 223.916 571.5 219.5 571.5 c 215.084 571.5 211.5 575.084 211.5 579.5 c 211.5 583.916 215.084 587.5 219.5 587.5 c 223.916 587.5 227.5 583.916 227.5 579.5 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 227 595 m 227 591.136 223.64 588 219.5 588 c 215.36 588 212 591.136 212 595 c 212 598.864 215.36 602 219.5 602 c 223.64 602 227 598.864 227 595 c f 226.5 595 m 226.5 591.412 223.364 588.5 219.5 588.5 c 215.636 588.5 212.5 591.412 212.5 595 c 212.5 598.588 215.636 601.5 219.5 601.5 c 223.364 601.5 226.5 598.588 226.5 595 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 227 610 m 227 605.584 223.64 602 219.5 602 c 215.36 602 212 605.584 212 610 c 212 614.416 215.36 618 219.5 618 c 223.64 618 227 614.416 227 610 c f 226.5 610 m 226.5 605.86 223.364 602.5 219.5 602.5 c 215.636 602.5 212.5 605.86 212.5 610 c 212.5 614.14 215.636 617.5 219.5 617.5 c 223.364 617.5 226.5 614.14 226.5 610 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 225 626 m 225 623.24 222.536 621 219.5 621 c 216.464 621 214 623.24 214 626 c 214 628.76 216.464 631 219.5 631 c 222.536 631 225 628.76 225 626 c f 224.5 626 m 224.5 623.516 222.26 621.5 219.5 621.5 c 216.74 621.5 214.5 623.516 214.5 626 c 214.5 628.484 216.74 630.5 219.5 630.5 c 222.26 630.5 224.5 628.484 224.5 626 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 223 641.5 m 223 639.568 221.432 638 219.5 638 c 217.568 638 216 639.568 216 641.5 c 216 643.432 217.568 645 219.5 645 c 221.432 645 223 643.432 223 641.5 c f 222.5 641.5 m 222.5 639.844 221.156 638.5 219.5 638.5 c 217.844 638.5 216.5 639.844 216.5 641.5 c 216.5 643.156 217.844 644.5 219.5 644.5 c 221.156 644.5 222.5 643.156 222.5 641.5 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 256 548.5 m 256 544.36 252.64 541 248.5 541 c 244.36 541 241 544.36 241 548.5 c 241 552.64 244.36 556 248.5 556 c 252.64 556 256 552.64 256 548.5 c f 255.5 548.5 m 255.5 544.636 252.364 541.5 248.5 541.5 c 244.636 541.5 241.5 544.636 241.5 548.5 c 241.5 552.364 244.636 555.5 248.5 555.5 c 252.364 555.5 255.5 552.364 255.5 548.5 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 258 564 m 258 558.48 253.744 554 248.5 554 c 243.256 554 239 558.48 239 564 c 239 569.52 243.256 574 248.5 574 c 253.744 574 258 569.52 258 564 c f 257.5 564 m 257.5 558.756 253.468 554.5 248.5 554.5 c 243.532 554.5 239.5 558.756 239.5 564 c 239.5 569.244 243.532 573.5 248.5 573.5 c 253.468 573.5 257.5 569.244 257.5 564 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 258 579 m 258 573.48 253.52 569 248 569 c 242.48 569 238 573.48 238 579 c 238 584.52 242.48 589 248 589 c 253.52 589 258 584.52 258 579 c f 257.5 579 m 257.5 573.756 253.244 569.5 248 569.5 c 242.756 569.5 238.5 573.756 238.5 579 c 238.5 584.244 242.756 588.5 248 588.5 c 253.244 588.5 257.5 584.244 257.5 579 c s q 58 713 241 -197 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 258 595 m 258 589.48 253.52 585 248 585 c 242.48 585 238 589.48 238 595 c 238 600.52 242.48 605 248 605 c 253.52 605 258 600.52 258 595 c f 257.5 595 m 257.5 589.756 253.244 585.5 248 585.5 c 242.756 585.5 238.5 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244.136 634 241 637.136 241 641 c 241 644.864 244.136 648 248 648 c 251.864 648 255 644.864 255 641 c f 254.5 641 m 254.5 637.412 251.588 634.5 248 634.5 c 244.412 634.5 241.5 637.412 241.5 641 c 241.5 644.588 244.412 647.5 248 647.5 c 251.588 647.5 254.5 644.588 254.5 641 c s BT /F11 1 Tf 4.74 0 0 4.74 71.995 531.879 Tm 0 Tr 0 g (0)Tj 0 3.166 TD (1)Tj 0 3.377 TD (2)Tj 0 3.377 TD (3)Tj 0 3.166 TD (4)Tj T* (5)Tj 0 3.377 TD (6)Tj 0 3.377 TD (7)Tj 0 3.166 TD (8)Tj T* (9)Tj -0.633 3.377 TD 0 Tc (10)Tj T* (11)Tj 1.266 -37.15 TD 5.561 Tc [(01)211(23)211(45)211(6)]TJ 0 4.74 -4.74 0 61.28 607.405 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (F2 \(Hz\))Tj 4.74 0 0 4.74 153.984 517.871 Tm (F1 \(Hz\))Tj ET 1 g 100 567 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.53 0 0 5.53 99.991 562.895 Tm 0 g (2.76)Tj ET 1 g 100 582 11 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.53 0 0 5.53 99.991 577.903 Tm 0 g (3.45)Tj ET 1 g 100 598 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.53 0 0 5.53 99.991 593.911 Tm 0 g (3.36)Tj ET 1 g 100 614 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.53 0 0 5.53 99.991 608.919 Tm 0 g 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462.348 130.652 467.5 137 467.5 c 143.348 467.5 148.5 462.348 148.5 456 c s 174 409 m 174 404.032 169.968 400 165 400 c 160.032 400 156 404.032 156 409 c 156 413.968 160.032 418 165 418 c 169.968 418 174 413.968 174 409 c f 173.5 409 m 173.5 404.308 169.692 400.5 165 400.5 c 160.308 400.5 156.5 404.308 156.5 409 c 156.5 413.692 160.308 417.5 165 417.5 c 169.692 417.5 173.5 413.692 173.5 409 c s 176 425 m 176 418.928 171.072 414 165 414 c 158.928 414 154 418.928 154 425 c 154 431.072 158.928 436 165 436 c 171.072 436 176 431.072 176 425 c f 175.5 425 m 175.5 419.204 170.796 414.5 165 414.5 c 159.204 414.5 154.5 419.204 154.5 425 c 154.5 430.796 159.204 435.5 165 435.5 c 170.796 435.5 175.5 430.796 175.5 425 c s 177 440 m 177 433.928 171.848 429 165.5 429 c 159.152 429 154 433.928 154 440 c 154 446.072 159.152 451 165.5 451 c 171.848 451 177 446.072 177 440 c f 176.5 440 m 176.5 434.204 171.572 429.5 165.5 429.5 c 159.428 429.5 154.5 434.204 154.5 440 c 154.5 445.796 159.428 450.5 165.5 450.5 c 171.572 450.5 176.5 445.796 176.5 440 c s 177 456 m 177 449.376 171.624 444 165 444 c 158.376 444 153 449.376 153 456 c 153 462.624 158.376 468 165 468 c 171.624 468 177 462.624 177 456 c f 176.5 456 m 176.5 449.652 171.348 444.5 165 444.5 c 158.652 444.5 153.5 449.652 153.5 456 c 153.5 462.348 158.652 467.5 165 467.5 c 171.348 467.5 176.5 462.348 176.5 456 c s 197 393.5 m 197 391.568 195.432 390 193.5 390 c 191.568 390 190 391.568 190 393.5 c 190 395.432 191.568 397 193.5 397 c 195.432 397 197 395.432 197 393.5 c f 196.5 393.5 m 196.5 391.844 195.156 390.5 193.5 390.5 c 191.844 390.5 190.5 391.844 190.5 393.5 c 190.5 395.156 191.844 396.5 193.5 396.5 c 195.156 396.5 196.5 395.156 196.5 393.5 c s 201 409.5 m 201 405.36 197.64 402 193.5 402 c 189.36 402 186 405.36 186 409.5 c 186 413.64 189.36 417 193.5 417 c 197.64 417 201 413.64 201 409.5 c f 200.5 409.5 m 200.5 405.636 197.364 402.5 193.5 402.5 c 189.636 402.5 186.5 405.636 186.5 409.5 c 186.5 413.364 189.636 416.5 193.5 416.5 c 197.364 416.5 200.5 413.364 200.5 409.5 c s 202 425 m 202 420.584 198.192 417 193.5 417 c 188.808 417 185 420.584 185 425 c 185 429.416 188.808 433 193.5 433 c 198.192 433 202 429.416 202 425 c f 201.5 425 m 201.5 420.86 197.916 417.5 193.5 417.5 c 189.084 417.5 185.5 420.86 185.5 425 c 185.5 429.14 189.084 432.5 193.5 432.5 c 197.916 432.5 201.5 429.14 201.5 425 c s 203 440 m 203 435.032 198.744 431 193.5 431 c 188.256 431 184 435.032 184 440 c 184 444.968 188.256 449 193.5 449 c 198.744 449 203 444.968 203 440 c f 202.5 440 m 202.5 435.308 198.468 431.5 193.5 431.5 c 188.532 431.5 184.5 435.308 184.5 440 c 184.5 444.692 188.532 448.5 193.5 448.5 c 198.468 448.5 202.5 444.692 202.5 440 c s 204 455.5 m 204 449.704 199.52 445 194 445 c 188.48 445 184 449.704 184 455.5 c 184 461.296 188.48 466 194 466 c 199.52 466 204 461.296 204 455.5 c f 203.5 455.5 m 203.5 449.98 199.244 445.5 194 445.5 c 188.756 445.5 184.5 449.98 184.5 455.5 c 184.5 461.02 188.756 465.5 194 465.5 c 199.244 465.5 203.5 461.02 203.5 455.5 c s 0.902 g 228 378 m 228 374.688 225.312 372 222 372 c 218.688 372 216 374.688 216 378 c 216 381.312 218.688 384 222 384 c 225.312 384 228 381.312 228 378 c f 227.5 378 m 227.5 374.964 225.036 372.5 222 372.5 c 218.964 372.5 216.5 374.964 216.5 378 c 216.5 381.036 218.964 383.5 222 383.5 c 225.036 383.5 227.5 381.036 227.5 378 c s 229 394 m 229 390.136 225.864 387 222 387 c 218.136 387 215 390.136 215 394 c 215 397.864 218.136 401 222 401 c 225.864 401 229 397.864 229 394 c f 228.5 394 m 228.5 390.412 225.588 387.5 222 387.5 c 218.412 387.5 215.5 390.412 215.5 394 c 215.5 397.588 218.412 400.5 222 400.5 c 225.588 400.5 228.5 397.588 228.5 394 c s 229 409 m 229 405.136 225.864 402 222 402 c 218.136 402 215 405.136 215 409 c 215 412.864 218.136 416 222 416 c 225.864 416 229 412.864 229 409 c f 228.5 409 m 228.5 405.412 225.588 402.5 222 402.5 c 218.412 402.5 215.5 405.412 215.5 409 c 215.5 412.588 218.412 415.5 222 415.5 c 225.588 415.5 228.5 412.588 228.5 409 c s 230 424.5 m 230 419.808 226.416 416 222 416 c 217.584 416 214 419.808 214 424.5 c 214 429.192 217.584 433 222 433 c 226.416 433 230 429.192 230 424.5 c f 229.5 424.5 m 229.5 420.084 226.14 416.5 222 416.5 c 217.86 416.5 214.5 420.084 214.5 424.5 c 214.5 428.916 217.86 432.5 222 432.5 c 226.14 432.5 229.5 428.916 229.5 424.5 c s 229 440 m 229 436.136 225.864 433 222 433 c 218.136 433 215 436.136 215 440 c 215 443.864 218.136 447 222 447 c 225.864 447 229 443.864 229 440 c f 228.5 440 m 228.5 436.412 225.588 433.5 222 433.5 c 218.412 433.5 215.5 436.412 215.5 440 c 215.5 443.588 218.412 446.5 222 446.5 c 225.588 446.5 228.5 443.588 228.5 440 c s 229 455.5 m 229 451.36 225.864 448 222 448 c 218.136 448 215 451.36 215 455.5 c 215 459.64 218.136 463 222 463 c 225.864 463 229 459.64 229 455.5 c f 228.5 455.5 m 228.5 451.636 225.588 448.5 222 448.5 c 218.412 448.5 215.5 451.636 215.5 455.5 c 215.5 459.364 218.412 462.5 222 462.5 c 225.588 462.5 228.5 459.364 228.5 455.5 c s 256 362.5 m 256 359.464 253.536 357 250.5 357 c 247.464 357 245 359.464 245 362.5 c 245 365.536 247.464 368 250.5 368 c 253.536 368 256 365.536 256 362.5 c f 255.5 362.5 m 255.5 359.74 253.26 357.5 250.5 357.5 c 247.74 357.5 245.5 359.74 245.5 362.5 c 245.5 365.26 247.74 367.5 250.5 367.5 c 253.26 367.5 255.5 365.26 255.5 362.5 c s 257 378 m 257 374.136 253.864 371 250 371 c 246.136 371 243 374.136 243 378 c 243 381.864 246.136 385 250 385 c 253.864 385 257 381.864 257 378 c f 256.5 378 m 256.5 374.412 253.588 371.5 250 371.5 c 246.412 371.5 243.5 374.412 243.5 378 c 243.5 381.588 246.412 384.5 250 384.5 c 253.588 384.5 256.5 381.588 256.5 378 c s 258 393.5 m 258 389.36 254.64 386 250.5 386 c 246.36 386 243 389.36 243 393.5 c 243 397.64 246.36 401 250.5 401 c 254.64 401 258 397.64 258 393.5 c f 257.5 393.5 m 257.5 389.636 254.364 386.5 250.5 386.5 c 246.636 386.5 243.5 389.636 243.5 393.5 c 243.5 397.364 246.636 400.5 250.5 400.5 c 254.364 400.5 257.5 397.364 257.5 393.5 c s 260 409.5 m 260 404.256 255.744 400 250.5 400 c 245.256 400 241 404.256 241 409.5 c 241 414.744 245.256 419 250.5 419 c 255.744 419 260 414.744 260 409.5 c f 259.5 409.5 m 259.5 404.532 255.468 400.5 250.5 400.5 c 245.532 400.5 241.5 404.532 241.5 409.5 c 241.5 414.468 245.532 418.5 250.5 418.5 c 255.468 418.5 259.5 414.468 259.5 409.5 c s 259 424.5 m 259 419.256 254.968 415 250 415 c 245.032 415 241 419.256 241 424.5 c 241 429.744 245.032 434 250 434 c 254.968 434 259 429.744 259 424.5 c f 258.5 424.5 m 258.5 419.532 254.692 415.5 250 415.5 c 245.308 415.5 241.5 419.532 241.5 424.5 c 241.5 429.468 245.308 433.5 250 433.5 c 254.692 433.5 258.5 429.468 258.5 424.5 c s 259 440 m 259 435.032 254.968 431 250 431 c 245.032 431 241 435.032 241 440 c 241 444.968 245.032 449 250 449 c 254.968 449 259 444.968 259 440 c f 258.5 440 m 258.5 435.308 254.692 431.5 250 431.5 c 245.308 431.5 241.5 435.308 241.5 440 c 241.5 444.692 245.308 448.5 250 448.5 c 254.692 448.5 258.5 444.692 258.5 440 c s 258 455.5 m 258 451.36 254.64 448 250.5 448 c 246.36 448 243 451.36 243 455.5 c 243 459.64 246.36 463 250.5 463 c 254.64 463 258 459.64 258 455.5 c f 257.5 455.5 m 257.5 451.636 254.364 448.5 250.5 448.5 c 246.636 448.5 243.5 451.636 243.5 455.5 c 243.5 459.364 246.636 462.5 250.5 462.5 c 254.364 462.5 257.5 459.364 257.5 455.5 c s 0 g 114 300.5 m 114 297.464 111.536 295 108.5 295 c 105.464 295 103 297.464 103 300.5 c 103 303.536 105.464 306 108.5 306 c 111.536 306 114 303.536 114 300.5 c f 113.5 300.5 m 113.5 297.74 111.26 295.5 108.5 295.5 c 105.74 295.5 103.5 297.74 103.5 300.5 c 103.5 303.26 105.74 305.5 108.5 305.5 c 111.26 305.5 113.5 303.26 113.5 300.5 c s 144 300.5 m 144 296.36 140.864 293 137 293 c 133.136 293 130 296.36 130 300.5 c 130 304.64 133.136 308 137 308 c 140.864 308 144 304.64 144 300.5 c f 143.5 300.5 m 143.5 296.636 140.588 293.5 137 293.5 c 133.412 293.5 130.5 296.636 130.5 300.5 c 130.5 304.364 133.412 307.5 137 307.5 c 140.588 307.5 143.5 304.364 143.5 300.5 c s 144 316 m 144 312.136 140.64 309 136.5 309 c 132.36 309 129 312.136 129 316 c 129 319.864 132.36 323 136.5 323 c 140.64 323 144 319.864 144 316 c f 143.5 316 m 143.5 312.412 140.364 309.5 136.5 309.5 c 132.636 309.5 129.5 312.412 129.5 316 c 129.5 319.588 132.636 322.5 136.5 322.5 c 140.364 322.5 143.5 319.588 143.5 316 c s 144 332 m 144 328.136 140.864 325 137 325 c 133.136 325 130 328.136 130 332 c 130 335.864 133.136 339 137 339 c 140.864 339 144 335.864 144 332 c f 143.5 332 m 143.5 328.412 140.588 325.5 137 325.5 c 133.412 325.5 130.5 328.412 130.5 332 c 130.5 335.588 133.412 338.5 137 338.5 c 140.588 338.5 143.5 335.588 143.5 332 c s 144 347 m 144 343.136 140.864 340 137 340 c 133.136 340 130 343.136 130 347 c 130 350.864 133.136 354 137 354 c 140.864 354 144 350.864 144 347 c f 143.5 347 m 143.5 343.412 140.588 340.5 137 340.5 c 133.412 340.5 130.5 343.412 130.5 347 c 130.5 350.588 133.412 353.5 137 353.5 c 140.588 353.5 143.5 350.588 143.5 347 c s 173 301 m 173 296.584 169.416 293 165 293 c 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339 193.5 339 c 197.64 339 201 335.64 201 331.5 c f 200.5 331.5 m 200.5 327.636 197.364 324.5 193.5 324.5 c 189.636 324.5 186.5 327.636 186.5 331.5 c 186.5 335.364 189.636 338.5 193.5 338.5 c 197.364 338.5 200.5 335.364 200.5 331.5 c s q 58 468 241 -201 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 199 347 m 199 343.688 196.536 341 193.5 341 c 190.464 341 188 343.688 188 347 c 188 350.312 190.464 353 193.5 353 c 196.536 353 199 350.312 199 347 c f 198.5 347 m 198.5 343.964 196.26 341.5 193.5 341.5 c 190.74 341.5 188.5 343.964 188.5 347 c 188.5 350.036 190.74 352.5 193.5 352.5 c 196.26 352.5 198.5 350.036 198.5 347 c s q 58 468 241 -201 re W n Q 0.5 g 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 232 316 m 232 310.48 227.52 306 222 306 c 216.48 306 212 310.48 212 316 c 212 321.52 216.48 326 222 326 c 227.52 326 232 321.52 232 316 c f 231.5 316 m 231.5 310.756 227.244 306.5 222 306.5 c 216.756 306.5 212.5 310.756 212.5 316 c 212.5 321.244 216.756 325.5 222 325.5 c 227.244 325.5 231.5 321.244 231.5 316 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670.01 Tm 0 g (5)Tj ET 1 g 470 644 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 469.31 640.013 Tm 0 g (5.09)Tj ET 1 g 471 659 8 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 471.312 655.011 Tm 0 g (5.2)Tj ET 1 g 470 674 11 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 469.31 670.01 Tm 0 g (5.28)Tj ET 1 g 497 614 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 610.016 Tm 0 g (5.12)Tj ET 1 g 497 629 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 625.014 Tm 0 g (5.25)Tj ET 1 g 497 644 11 -6 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 640.013 Tm 0 g (5.14)Tj ET 1 g 497 659 11 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 655.011 Tm 0 g (5.47)Tj ET 1 g 497 674 11 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 670.01 Tm 0 g (5.67)Tj ET 1 g 497 689 11 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 497.33 685.008 Tm 0 g (5.09)Tj ET 1 g 499 704 8 -5 re f* BT /F11 1 Tf 5.376 0 0 5.39 499.332 700.006 Tm 0 g (5.4)Tj ET q 314 713 241 -196 re W n 1 g 518 632 37 -23 re f Q 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 518.5 631.5 36 -22 re S 0.302 g 537 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)-82(speakers )-44(between )-162(F)10(1)10( )-69(=)]TJ -11 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.209 Tw [(320 and )42(366 )]TJ 5.889 0 TD 0 Tc (Hz, )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.228 Tw [(which straddles )-32(the )]TJ 8.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.265 Tw [(boundary o)59(f)59( )60(a)44( )]TJ 6.556 0 TD 0.046 Tc (Swedish)Tj -23.111 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.234 Tw [(vowel category. )41( )158(Furthermore, )]TJ 13.222 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.307 Tw [(English speakers )104(should )]TJ 11.222 0 TD 0.074 Tc (show)Tj -24.444 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc (greater )Tj 3.222 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.201 Tw [(than Spanish )-47(speakers )-9(due )35(to )-81(the )]TJ 15 0 TD -0.02 Tc (fact )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.056 Tc (that)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.075 Tw [(they separate /u/ and /er/ )-102(a)8(t)8( )-50(this )-165(juncture )]TJ 17.778 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.195 Tw [(these stimuli. )121(T)9(o)]TJ -19.222 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.078 Tw [(test this, we )-103(ran )-48(a)34( )]TJ 7.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc (discrimination )Tj 6.556 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.121 Tw [(experiment on )-55(stimuli )]TJ 9.667 0 TD 0.056 Tc (which)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD -0.01 Tc (differed )Tj 3.667 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.408 Tw [(across languages )-74(a)11(s)11( )64(to )-93(whether )-139(they )-123(contained )-185(a)]TJ -3.667 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.124 Tw (category boundary or not.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 349 348 Tm -0.02 Tc 0 Tw (3. EXPERIMENT II: METHODS)Tj -2.917 -2 TD 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw [(3.1. Participants, Apparatus, & Stimuli)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 314 304 Tm 0.016 Tw (These are the same as in Experiment I.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 314 281 Tm -0.002 Tc 0 Tw (3.2. Procedure)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 314 261 Tm -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.277 Tw (horizontal vector )Tj 7.889 0 TD 0.019 Tc 0.41 Tw [(corresponding t)12(o)12( )137(F)17(2)17( )184(=)55( )207(1828 )68(H)17(z)17( )183( )235(w)-37(a)-37(s)]TJ -9.778 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc (selected )Tj 3.889 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.017 Tc (discrimination )Tj 6.778 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.345 Tw (experiment because )Tj 9 0 TD 0.046 Tc (Swedish)Tj -23.111 -1.222 TD 0.011 Tc 0.085 Tw [(speakers show a category )-102(boundary )]TJ 15.556 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.139 Tw (for /)Tj /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 469.706 240 Tm (\347)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 477.391 240 Tm 0.024 Tc (:/-/)Tj 10 0 0 10 488.758 240 Tm 0.032 Tc (\232:)Tj 9 0 0 9 497.178 240 Tm 0.012 Tc -0.008 Tw [(/)8( between )-222(F)10(1)10( )-130(=)]TJ -20.353 -1.333 TD 0.009 Tc 0.066 Tw [(320 Hz and F1 = 366 Hz and English and )-105(Spanish )-183(speakers )-145(d)-102(o)]TJ 0 -1.111 TD 0.002 Tc 0.015 Tw [(not. )]TJ 2.444 0 TD -0.008 Tc 0.119 Tw (The five )Tj 3.778 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.19 Tw [(pairs o)54(f)54( )91(adjacent )-19(stimuli )-23(along )-39(this )-48(vector were)]TJ -6.222 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.197 Tw [(used i)7(n)7( )30(a)12(n)12( )76(A)28(X)28( )100(discrimination )-73(task with )-39(a)41( )-11(roving )-167(design. )-142(O)-97(n)]TJ T* -0.007 Tc (half )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.167 Tw (the trials, )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.019 Tc (participants )Tj 5.444 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.162 Tw (heard the )Tj 4.333 0 TD -0.021 Tc (same )Tj 2.444 0 TD 0.014 Tc (stimulus )Tj 4.111 0 TD 0.035 Tc (presented)Tj -22.667 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.172 Tw (twice. On the other )Tj 8.889 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0.229 Tw [(half o)35(f)35( )]TJ 3.222 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.278 Tw (the trials, )Tj 4.667 0 TD 0.019 Tc (participants )Tj 5.556 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.273 Tw [(heard t)-77(w)-77(o)]TJ -22.333 -1.111 TD -0.003 Tc (different )Tj 3.889 0 TD 0.009 Tc (stimuli. )Tj 3.667 0 TD -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 2 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.311 Tw [(offset-to-onset interval )-40(was )35(250 )-7(m)53(s)53( )100(f)38(o)38(r)]TJ -9.556 -1.111 TD 0.002 Tc (each )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.239 Tw [(stimulus pair. )100( )]TJ 6.556 0 TD -0.002 Tc 0.113 Tw (After each )Tj 4.667 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.212 Tw (response, participants )Tj 9.778 0 TD 0.024 Tc (received)Tj -23.222 -1.111 TD 0.002 Tc (feedback )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.747 Tw (indicating whether )Tj 9.444 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.638 Tw [(their response )-46(was )29(correct.)]TJ -13.889 -1.111 TD 0.019 Tc (Instructions, )Tj 6 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.443 Tw [(feedback, and )-62(other )]TJ 9.667 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.547 Tw [(aspects o)54(f)54( )114(the )50(computer)]TJ -15.667 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.458 Tw [(interface were in )-51(the )-46(native )]TJ 13.778 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.572 Tw [(language o)54(f)54( )139(the )]TJ 8.111 0 TD 0.033 Tc (participant.)Tj -21.889 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.135 Tw [(Participants first )-98(completed )-40(a)37( )34(practice )]TJ 16.556 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.276 Tw [(session o)56(f)56( )179(5)11( )154(trials. )80( )207(T)14(h)14(e)]TJ -16.556 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.091 Tw [(experimental session contained 10 blocks of 20 stimuli pairs )-102(i)-102(n)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc 0.052 Tw (random order.)Tj ET endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ColorSpace <> /Font << /F7 5 0 R /F9 7 0 R /F10 8 0 R /F11 9 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 24475 >> stream BT /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 58 701 Tm 0 Tr 0 g 0.004 Tc 0.044 Tw [(3.3. Results)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 681 Tm 0.022 Tc 0.314 Tw (Sensitivity \()Tj ET 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 107 680.1 m 111 680.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 107 681 Tm -0.056 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET q 107 761 5 -730 re W n 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 110 680.1 m 114 680.1 l S Q BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 110 681 Tm 0 Tr 0 g -0.056 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 107 680.1 m 116 680.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 107 681 Tm 0.167 Tc (d\325)Tj ET 112 680.1 m 116 680.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 112 681 Tm -0.056 Tc ( )Tj ET q 112 761 4 -730 re W n 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 114 680.1 m 118 680.1 l S Q BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 114 681 Tm 0 Tr 0 g 0.003 Tc -0.059 Tw [( )166(\))30( )-167(was )-231(measured )]TJ 7.111 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.002 Tc (each )Tj 2.333 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.349 Tw (stimulus pair )Tj 6.222 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.019 Tc (each)Tj -24.889 -1.222 TD 0.017 Tc 0.353 Tw (subject through )Tj 7.556 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.515 Tw [(application o)60(f)60( )200(signal )43(detection )]TJ 14.556 0 TD 0.045 Tc (theory)Tj -24 -1.111 TD -0.001 Tc 0.155 Tw [(\(Macmillan &)27( )-68(Creelman, )]TJ 10.889 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.317 Tw [(1991\). )133(Figure )18(7)7( )]TJ 7.889 0 TD 0.02 Tc (displays )Tj 4.111 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.778 0 TD -0.018 Tc (mean)Tj -24.667 -1.111 TD 0.021 Tc 0.263 Tw (discrimination sensitivity )Tj 11.556 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.124 Tw [(each pair )-39(o)50(f)50( )21( )49(adjacent )-89(stimuli )-93(i)-103(n)]TJ -13 -1.111 TD 0.016 Tc 0.33 Tw (Swedish, English, )Tj 8.444 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.387 Tw [(and Spanish. )-59( )92(Notice )-58(that )]TJ 12.556 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.514 Tw [(although t)-36(h)-36(e)]TJ -21 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc (stimuli )Tj 3.333 0 TD -0.009 Tc (are )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.022 Tc 0.298 Tw (physically equidistant )Tj 10.111 0 TD -0.048 Tc (from )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.127 Tw (each other, )Tj 5 0 TD 0.056 Tc (sensitivity)Tj -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc (varies )Tj 2.889 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.246 Tw [(each )115(pair. )-13( )53(A 2 factor )]TJ 10 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.303 Tw [(ANOVA \(Language )-40(X)95( )]TJ 10.333 0 TD 0.042 Tc (Pair\))Tj -24.667 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.049 Tw [(confirmed that Pair )-106(was )-118(significant )]TJ 15.222 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.257 Tw [(beyond the )92(p)8( )132(<)47( )157(.001 )]TJ 9.222 0 TD 0.028 Tc (level.)Tj -24.444 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.429 Tw [(Language )-33(was )42(not significant, )-20(but there )50(was )42(a)38( )]TJ 22.222 0 TD 0.033 Tc (significant)Tj -22.222 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.064 Tw [(Language X Pair interaction \(p < .05\). )-103( )]TJ 16.667 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.291 Tw [(Analysis o)62(f)62( )200( )]TJ 5.667 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.667 0 TD 0.022 Tc (simple)Tj -24 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.082 Tw [(effects shows that Language is significant at pairs )-103(4 )-47(and )-87(5 )-47(\(p )-46(<)]TJ T* 0.076 Tw [(.01\). )-47( Also, )-139( a)34( )]TJ 6.333 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.248 Tw [(planned comparison )-61(between )-79(the )]TJ 14.889 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.227 Tw [(means o)37(f)37( t)-61(h)-61(e)]TJ -21.222 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.157 Tw [(three languages )-105(reveals )-26(that )-42(Spanish )-90(is )]TJ 17.444 0 TD 0.018 Tc (significantly )Tj 5.889 0 TD 0 Tc (different)Tj -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.058 Tw [(from English and Swedish \(p < .05\).)-215( )]TJ ET q 58 539 241 -144 re W n 1 g 80 535 157 -118 re f Q 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 80.5 534.5 156 -117 re S 0 g 80 418 m 81 418 l 81 417 l 80 417 l 80 418 l f 80 422 m 81 422 l 81 421 l 80 421 l 80 422 l f 80 426 m 81 426 l 81 425 l 80 425 l 80 426 l f 80 430 m 81 430 l 81 429 l 80 429 l 80 430 l f 80 434 m 81 434 l 81 433 l 80 433 l 80 434 l f 80 437 m 81 437 l 81 436 l 80 436 l 80 437 l f 80 442 m 81 442 l 81 441 l 80 441 l 80 442 l f 80 446 m 81 446 l 81 445 l 80 445 l 80 446 l f 80 449 m 81 449 l 81 448 l 80 448 l 80 449 l f 80 453 m 81 453 l 81 452 l 80 452 l 80 453 l f 80 457 m 81 457 l 81 456 l 80 456 l 80 457 l f 80 461 m 81 461 l 81 460 l 80 460 l 80 461 l f 80 465 m 81 465 l 81 464 l 80 464 l 80 465 l f 80 469 m 81 469 l 81 468 l 80 468 l 80 469 l f 80 473 m 81 473 l 81 472 l 80 472 l 80 473 l f 80 477 m 81 477 l 81 476 l 80 476 l 80 477 l f 80 481 m 81 481 l 81 480 l 80 480 l 80 481 l f 80 485 m 81 485 l 81 484 l 80 484 l 80 485 l f 80 488 m 81 488 l 81 487 l 80 487 l 80 488 l f 80 492 m 81 492 l 81 491 l 80 491 l 80 492 l f 80 496 m 81 496 l 81 495 l 80 495 l 80 496 l f 80 500 m 81 500 l 81 499 l 80 499 l 80 500 l f 80 504 m 81 504 l 81 503 l 80 503 l 80 504 l f 80 508 m 81 508 l 81 507 l 80 507 l 80 508 l f 80 512 m 81 512 l 81 511 l 80 511 l 80 512 l f 80 516 m 81 516 l 81 515 l 80 515 l 80 516 l f 80 520 m 81 520 l 81 519 l 80 519 l 80 520 l f 80 524 m 81 524 l 81 523 l 80 523 l 80 524 l f 80 528 m 81 528 l 81 527 l 80 527 l 80 528 l f 80 531 m 81 531 l 81 530 l 80 530 l 80 531 l f 80 535 m 81 535 l 81 534 l 80 534 l 80 535 l f 80 418 m 81 418 l 82 418 l 82 417 l 81 417 l 80 417 l f 80 437 m 81 437 l 82 437 l 82 436 l 81 436 l 80 436 l f 80 457 m 81 457 l 82 457 l 82 456 l 81 456 l 80 456 l f 80 477 m 81 477 l 82 477 l 82 476 l 81 476 l 80 476 l f 80 496 m 81 496 l 82 496 l 82 495 l 81 495 l 80 495 l f 80 516 m 81 516 l 82 516 l 82 515 l 81 515 l 80 515 l f 80 535 m 81 535 l 82 535 l 82 534 l 81 534 l 80 534 l f 80 418 m 81 418 l 81 417 l 80 417 l 80 418 l f 111 418 m 112 418 l 112 417 l 111 417 l 111 418 l f 142 418 m 143 418 l 143 417 l 142 417 l 142 418 l f 173 418 m 174 418 l 174 417 l 173 417 l 173 418 l f 205 418 m 206 418 l 206 417 l 205 417 l 205 418 l f 236 418 m 237 418 l 237 417 l 236 417 l 236 418 l f 127 460 m 128 460 l 128 459 l 96 452 l 95 452 l 95 453 l f 158 485 m 159 485 l 159 484 l 128 459 l 127 459 l 127 460 l f 158 485 m 159 485 l 190 474 l 190 473 l 189 473 l 158 484 l f 189 474 m 190 474 l 222 429 l 222 428 l 221 428 l 189 473 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 92.999 451.226 Tm 0 Tr (B)Tj 4.749 1.074 TD (B)Tj 4.749 3.834 TD (B)Tj 4.749 -1.687 TD (B)Tj 4.902 -6.901 TD (B)Tj ET 95 463 m 96 463 l 98 462 l 98 461 l 97 461 l 95 462 l f 102 460 m 103 460 l 105 460 l 105 459 l 104 459 l 102 459 l f 108 458 m 109 458 l 111 457 l 111 456 l 110 456 l 108 457 l f 114 456 m 115 456 l 117 455 l 117 454 l 116 454 l 114 455 l f 120 454 m 121 454 l 123 453 l 123 452 l 122 452 l 120 453 l f 127 452 m 128 452 l 128 451 l 127 451 l 127 452 l f 127 452 m 128 452 l 128 451 l 127 451 l 127 452 l f 128 454 m 129 454 l 129 453 l 128 451 l 127 451 l 127 452 l f 132 459 m 133 459 l 133 458 l 131 456 l 130 456 l 130 457 l f 136 465 m 137 465 l 137 464 l 135 461 l 134 461 l 134 462 l f 139 469 m 140 469 l 140 468 l 139 467 l 138 467 l 138 468 l f 143 475 m 144 475 l 144 474 l 143 472 l 142 472 l 142 473 l f 147 480 m 148 480 l 148 479 l 147 478 l 146 478 l 146 479 l f 150 486 m 151 486 l 151 485 l 150 483 l 149 483 l 149 484 l f 154 491 m 155 491 l 155 490 l 154 489 l 153 489 l 153 490 l f 158 497 m 159 497 l 159 496 l 158 493 l 157 493 l 157 494 l f 160 498 m 161 498 l 161 497 l 159 496 l 158 496 l 158 497 l f 166 500 m 167 500 l 167 499 l 166 498 l 165 498 l 165 499 l f 173 503 m 174 503 l 174 502 l 172 501 l 171 501 l 171 502 l f 179 505 m 180 505 l 180 504 l 178 503 l 177 503 l 177 504 l f 185 507 m 186 507 l 186 506 l 184 505 l 183 505 l 183 506 l f 189 509 m 190 509 l 190 508 l 189 508 l 189 509 l f 189 509 m 190 509 l 190 508 l 189 508 l 189 509 l f 189 509 m 190 509 l 192 506 l 192 505 l 191 505 l 189 508 l f 193 503 m 194 503 l 196 502 l 196 501 l 195 501 l 193 502 l f 198 498 m 199 498 l 200 497 l 200 496 l 199 496 l 198 497 l f 202 493 m 203 493 l 205 492 l 205 491 l 204 491 l 202 492 l f 207 488 m 208 488 l 209 487 l 209 486 l 208 486 l 207 487 l f 211 484 m 212 484 l 214 482 l 214 481 l 213 481 l 211 483 l f 215 479 m 216 479 l 218 477 l 218 476 l 217 476 l 215 478 l f 220 474 m 221 474 l 222 472 l 222 471 l 221 471 l 220 473 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 92.999 461.218 Tm (H)Tj 4.749 -1.687 TD (H)Tj 4.749 6.901 TD (H)Tj 4.749 1.84 TD (H)Tj 4.902 -5.674 TD (H)Tj ET 95 467 m 96 467 l 128 452 l 128 451 l 127 451 l 95 466 l f 158 511 m 159 511 l 159 510 l 128 451 l 127 451 l 127 452 l f 189 524 m 190 524 l 190 523 l 159 510 l 158 510 l 158 511 l f 189 524 m 190 524 l 222 466 l 222 465 l 221 465 l 189 523 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 92.999 465.216 Tm (E)Tj 4.749 -2.3 TD (E)Tj 4.749 9.048 TD (E)Tj 4.749 1.994 TD (E)Tj 4.902 -8.895 TD (E)Tj ET 80 535 m 81 535 l 81 534 l 81 417 l 80 417 l 80 418 l f 80 418 m 81 418 l 237 418 l 237 417 l 236 417 l 80 417 l f BT /F11 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 73 416.251 Tm (1)Tj -0.766 3.067 TD 0 Tc (1.5)Tj 0.766 3.067 TD (2)Tj -0.766 2.914 TD (2.5)Tj 0.766 3.067 TD (3)Tj -0.766 2.914 TD (3.5)Tj 0.766 3.067 TD (4)Tj /F12 1 Tf -2.298 -9.201 TD (d')Tj 14.246 -11.808 TD (pair)Tj ET q 58 539 241 -144 re W n 1 g 242 534 57 -56 re f Q 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 242.5 533.5 56 -55 re S 0 g 248 525 m 249 525 l 262 525 l 262 524 l 261 524 l 248 524 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 251.997 523.174 Tm 0 Tr (B)Tj /F11 1 Tf 2.298 0 TD (Spanish)Tj ET 248 506 m 249 506 l 252 506 l 252 505 l 251 505 l 248 505 l f 255 506 m 256 506 l 258 506 l 258 505 l 257 505 l 255 505 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 251.997 504.187 Tm (H)Tj /F11 1 Tf 2.298 0 TD (English)Tj ET 248 488 m 249 488 l 262 488 l 262 487 l 261 487 l 248 487 l f BT /T1 1 Tf 6.528 0 0 6.516 251.997 486.2 Tm (E)Tj /F11 1 Tf 2.298 0 TD (Swedish)Tj -26.501 -11.808 TD 4.346 Tc (12)Tj 9.804 0.153 TD 4.039 Tc [(34)-154(5)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 378 Tm 0.002 Tc 0.127 Tw [(Figure 7)-9(:)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 4.077 0 TD 0.116 Tw [( )35(Mean )]TJ 3.368 0 TD 0.025 Tc 0.337 Tw (sensitivity \()Tj ET 0.603 w 173 377.1 m 177 377.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 173 378 Tm -0.056 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET q 173 761 5 -730 re W n 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 176 377.1 m 180 377.1 l S Q BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 176 378 Tm 0 Tr 0 g -0.056 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 173 377.1 m 182 377.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 173 378 Tm 0.167 Tc (d\325)Tj ET 178 377.1 m 182 377.1 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 178 378 Tm -0.056 Tc ( )Tj ET q 178 761 4 -730 re W n 0 G 1 i 0 J 0 j 0.603 w 10 M []0 d 180 377.1 m 184 377.1 l S Q BT /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 180 378 Tm 0 Tr 0 g 0.013 Tc -0.069 Tw [( )166(\))40( )-167(functions )-299(across )-254(subjects )-337(f)40(o)40(r)]TJ -13.556 -1.222 TD 0.011 Tc 0.106 Tw (each pair in Swedish, English, and Spanish.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 103 344 Tm -0.003 Tc 0 Tw (4. GENERAL DISCUSSION)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 58 324 Tm 0.005 Tc 0.055 Tw [(The results of this experiment demonstrate )-108(an )]TJ 19.333 0 TD -0.032 Tc 0.143 Tw [(effect o)10(f)10( )]TJ 3.556 0 TD 0.04 Tc (language)Tj -22.889 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.102 Tw (experience on adults\325 perception and discrimination of )Tj 23.444 0 TD 0.042 Tc (vowels.)Tj -23.444 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.466 Tw [(Spanish speakers )-73(show )-103(significantly )-147(lower )]TJ 20.556 0 TD 0.025 Tc 0.671 Tw [(sensitivity t)-86(o)]TJ -20.556 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.449 Tw [(vowel contrasts )-32(when )]TJ 10.556 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0.458 Tw (compared to )Tj 6.222 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.58 Tw (Swedish and )Tj 6.556 0 TD 0.065 Tc (English)Tj -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc (speakers, )Tj 4.556 0 TD 0.021 Tc (indicating )Tj 5.111 0 TD 0.01 Tc (that )Tj 2.333 0 TD 0.024 Tc (linguistic )Tj 4.889 0 TD 0.004 Tc (experience )Tj 5.222 0 TD -0.02 Tc 0.576 Tw [(affects t)-76(h)-76(e)]TJ -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.278 Tw [(ability t)7(o)7( discriminate )]TJ 10.222 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0.242 Tw [(small differences )19(i)-8(n)-8( )]TJ 8.889 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.34 Tw [(vowels. )]TJ 4.222 0 TD 0.065 Tc (English)Tj -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.209 Tw [(speakers assimilated )-10(the )44(/)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 157.719 264 Tm (\347)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 165.434 264 Tm 0.009 Tc 0.014 Tw [(:/ vowel )-218(space )-145(to )-269(their )-292(native )]TJ 13.396 0 TD 0.046 Tc (/u/.)Tj -25.333 -1.333 TD 0.002 Tc (That )Tj 2.222 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.308 Tw (English speakers )Tj 7.889 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.291 Tw [(perceive a)37( )79(category )]TJ 9 0 TD 0 Tc (here, )Tj 2.444 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.332 Tw [(albeit not )15(a)]TJ -21.556 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.084 Tw (good one, may explain why the English )Tj 17.111 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.208 Tw [(function i)-100(s)]TJ -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.016 Tc 0.424 Tw (not significantly )Tj 8 0 TD -0.003 Tc (different )Tj 4 0 TD -0.048 Tc (from )Tj 2.333 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.298 Tw [(the )-92(Swedish. )-151( Recall )]TJ 10.778 0 TD 0.056 Tc (that)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.437 Tw [(Stevens e)9(t)9( )]TJ 5.222 0 TD 0 Tc (al. )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.444 Tw [(\(1969\) also )22(found )66(no )52(significant )]TJ 15.556 0 TD 0 Tc (differences)Tj -22.333 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.218 Tw [(between Swedes )28(and )-61(Americans )-41(in )]TJ 15.667 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5.111 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.323 Tw [(functions. )140(I)-45(n)]TJ -20.778 -1.111 TD 0.215 Tw [(Stevens e)9(t)9( )]TJ 4.778 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.107 Tw [(al. ,)61( )-110(however, )-204(Americans )]TJ 11.222 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.32 Tw [(did not use )42(their )]TJ 8.111 0 TD 0.045 Tc (native)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.671 Tw [(categories in )56(the )]TJ 8.889 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.713 Tw [(labeling task, )-15(thereby )]TJ 11.333 0 TD 0.019 Tc 0.838 Tw [(obscuring t)-37(h)-37(e)]TJ -20.222 -1.111 TD 0.017 Tc 0.166 Tw (relationship between phonetic labeling and discrimination.)Tj 0 -2.111 TD -0.009 Tc 0.342 Tw (There are, )Tj 4.889 0 TD 0.009 Tc (however, )Tj 4.444 0 TD -0.002 Tc 0.335 Tw [(differences i)-9(n)-9( )]TJ 6.444 0 TD 0.014 Tc (acoustic )Tj 4.111 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5.222 0 TD 0.056 Tc (that)Tj -25.111 -1.111 TD 0.017 Tc 0.376 Tw (phonetic labeling )Tj 8.222 0 TD 0.006 Tc (and )Tj 2 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.408 Tw [(goodness ratings )54(d)8(o)8( )131(not )94(account )]TJ 15.222 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for.)Tj -25.444 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.234 Tw [(For instance, )-97( )]TJ 6.556 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.407 Tw (although they )Tj 6.667 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.281 Tw (had no )Tj 3.556 0 TD 0.014 Tc 0.49 Tw (phonetic label )Tj 7 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.361 Tw [(for t)-84(h)-84(e)]TJ -23.778 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.216 Tw [(stimuli along )-16(the )49(vector, )48( )142(the )]TJ 13 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5 0 TD 0.011 Tc (function )Tj 3.889 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.046 Tc (Spanish)Tj -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.064 Tw [(speakers was not monotonic. The )-106(peak )-102(in )]TJ 18.111 0 TD 0.025 Tc 0.337 Tw [(sensitivity a)23(t)23( )]TJ 6.111 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.165 Tw (pair 3)Tj -24.222 -1.111 TD 0.057 Tw [(may reflect a general nonlinearity of the auditory system. )-106( )-20(Or, )-48(i)-105(t)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc 0.049 Tw [(may reflect other aspects of the Spanish vowel system. Figure )-106(6)]TJ T* 0.016 Tc 0.296 Tw (suggests that )Tj 6.111 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.168 Tw [(the /i/ )-42(-)35( )65(/e/ )]TJ 5.111 0 TD 0.017 Tc (boundary )Tj 4.444 0 TD -0.028 Tc (for )Tj 1.444 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.245 Tw [(Spanish speakers )38(i)6(s)6( )78(a)-43(t)]TJ -17.111 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.045 Tw [(F1 between 275 and 320 Hz. This may have )]TJ 18.889 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.29 Tw [(contributed t)13(o)13( )129(t)-36(h)-36(e)]TJ 9.556 69.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.166 Tw (peak in )Tj 3.556 0 TD 0.025 Tc 0.337 Tw [(sensitivity i)18(n)18( )]TJ 6.222 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.189 Tw [(Figure 7)7(.)7( )85( Moreover, )]TJ 9.444 0 TD 0.021 Tc (English )Tj 3.889 0 TD 0.032 Tc (speakers)Tj -23.111 -1.111 TD -0.028 Tc (may )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.352 Tw [(show a)36( )139(peak )78(a)7(t)7( )115(pair )79(4)6( )114(because )56(this is )-42(where )-29(Figure )-59(5)]TJ -2.111 -1.111 TD 0.02 Tc (suggests )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.53 Tw [(their /i/ )-14(-)34( )93(/e/ )28(is. )-61(Similarly, )]TJ 13.778 0 TD 0.015 Tc (Swedish )Tj 4.444 0 TD 0.05 Tc (listeners\325)Tj -22.667 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.173 Tw [(excellent discrimination )-99(o)54(f)54( )74(pairs )-19(3)9( )]TJ 15.111 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.171 Tw (and 4 )Tj 2.778 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.139 Tw [(may b)-30(e)-30( )]TJ 3.333 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.204 Tw [(explained b)-101(y)]TJ -21.222 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.28 Tw [(their )-27(use o)50(f)50( )66(F)6(1)6( )43(to separate )-12(the /i:/ )-73(-)35( )66(/e:/ )-34(and the /)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 517.719 665 Tm (\347)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 525.434 665 Tm 0.074 Tc 0.06 Tw [(:)68(/)68( -)101( )-88(/\232:/)]TJ -23.493 -1.333 TD 0.008 Tc 0.075 Tw [(contrasts in these respective locations. The fact )-102(that )-127(the )]TJ 24.111 0 TD 0.034 Tc (vector)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.005 Tc 0.052 Tw [(varied only in F1 may have )-105(focused )]TJ 15.333 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.3 Tw [(listeners\325 attention )19(o)13(n)13( )139(t)-36(h)-36(e)]TJ -15.333 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.095 Tw [(F1 dimension. On this view, vowel discrimination is not just a)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.316 Tw [(function o)56(f)56( )108(phonetic )-63(labeling, )-39(but )]TJ 15.556 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.28 Tw [(due instead )-80(to the )]TJ 8.778 0 TD 0.034 Tc (entire)Tj -24.333 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc (vowel )Tj 3.111 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.25 Tw [(map a)-30(s)-30( )]TJ 3.444 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.385 Tw [(opposed t)10(o)10( )110(a)44( )180(single )]TJ 9.444 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0.272 Tw [(pair o)52(f)52( )60(vowels. )-182( )-24(Similar)]TJ -16 -1.111 TD 0.023 Tc (thinking )Tj 4.222 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.243 Tw (can be )Tj 3.333 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.358 Tw [(applied to )78(the )83(trough )-8(in )]TJ 11.444 0 TD 0.025 Tc (sensitivity )Tj 5.111 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.25 Tw [(for a)-84(l)-84(l)]TJ -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.006 Tc 0.064 Tw [(languages at pair 2. This too may be a nonlinearity inherent )-103(i)-105(n)]TJ T* (the )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.017 Tc (auditory )Tj 4.111 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.253 Tw [(system. )-51(Or, )-79(i)-5(t)-5( )]TJ 7.222 0 TD -0.028 Tc 0.361 Tw [(may b)-30(e)-30( )]TJ 3.778 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.421 Tw [(that something )-32(like a)]TJ -16.889 -1.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.066 Tw (\322magnet effect\323 is produced by a systemic warping of the vowel)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.084 Tw (space which lowers sensitivity in this area of F1 because it )Tj 25.222 0 TD 0.056 Tc (lies)Tj -25.222 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.095 Tw (within the /i/ category for all three languages.)Tj 0 -2.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.091 Tw [(Several processes may converge to produce vowel labeling )-104(a)-47(n)-47(d)]TJ 0 -1.111 TD 0.013 Tc 0.699 Tw [(discrimination. Nevertheless, )10(our )92(data )]TJ 18.556 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.717 Tw [(suggest a)45( )]TJ 5.444 0 TD 0.056 Tc (strong)Tj -24 -1.111 TD 0.018 Tc 0.974 Tw (relationship between )Tj 10.778 0 TD 0.024 Tc (linguistic )Tj 5.222 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.816 Tw (experience and )Tj 8.111 0 TD 0.056 Tc (vowel)Tj -24.111 -1.111 TD 0.031 Tc (perception.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 390 481 Tm -0.026 Tc 0 Tw (5. REFERENCES)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 314 461 Tm 0.007 Tc 0.586 Tw [(1)-21(.)-3215(Fant, G)7(.)7( )37(\(1973\). )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 12.556 0 TD 0.013 Tc 0.742 Tw [(Speech sounds )-102(and )]TJ 10.444 0 TD 0.036 Tc (features)Tj /F9 1 Tf 3.506 0 TD (,)Tj -26.506 -1.111 TD 0.002 Tc 0.024 Tw (Cambridge: MIT.)Tj 0 -2.111 TD 0.011 Tc 0.224 Tw [(2)-17(.)-3211(Godinez, M)39(.)39( )124( )152(\(1978\). )26(\322)-10(A)-10( )-85(comparative )57(study )-42(o)53(f)53( )]TJ 24.667 0 TD 0 Tc (some)Tj -24.667 -1.111 TD -0.004 Tc (Romance )Tj 4.111 0 TD 0.027 Tc (vowels)Tj /F8 1 Tf 2.995 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.155 Tw [(,\323 )78(UCLA )]TJ 4.561 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.274 Tw [(Working Papers )24(i)10(n)10( )]TJ 8.778 0 TD 0.033 Tc (Phonetics)Tj /F9 1 Tf 4.24 0 TD 0.003 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.76 0 TD 0.033 Tc (41)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1.067 0 TD (,)Tj -26.511 -1.111 TD 0.035 Tc (3-19.)Tj 0 -2.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.079 Tw [(3)-20(.)-3214(Hillenbrand, J., Getty, )-103(L)8(.)8( )]TJ 14.889 0 TD -0.009 Tc (A., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.142 Tw [(Clark, M)32(.)32( )]TJ 4.333 0 TD -0.046 Tc 0.157 Tw [(J., &)-18( )]TJ 2.222 0 TD 0.02 Tc (Wheeler,)Tj -23 -1.111 TD 0.01 Tc 0.212 Tw [(K)10(.)10( )28(\(1995\). )-98( )]TJ 5.889 0 TD 0.028 Tc (\322Acoustic )Tj 5 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.353 Tw [(characteristics o)57(f)57( )]TJ 7.889 0 TD 0.002 Tc (American )Tj 4.556 0 TD 0.065 Tc (English)Tj -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc (vowels,\323 )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.111 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.384 Tw [(Journal o)11(f)11( )]TJ 5.222 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.778 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.415 Tw [(Acoustical Society )94(o)9(f)9( )139(America, )85(9)-17(7)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 15.4 0 TD (,)Tj -26.511 -1.111 TD 0.046 Tc (3099-3111.)Tj 0 -2.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.214 Tw [(4)-20(.)-3214(Iverson, )18(P., )90( )28(&)36( Kuhl, )-111(P. )-46(K)8(.)8( )28(\(1996\). )]TJ 20.556 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.378 Tw [(\322Influences o)72(f)]TJ -20.556 -1.111 TD 0.376 Tw (phonetic identification )Tj 10.444 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.278 Tw (and category )Tj 6.111 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.402 Tw [(goodness o)13(n)13( )]TJ 6.222 0 TD 0.008 Tc (American)Tj -22.778 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.094 Tw [(listeners\325 perception of /r/ and /l/,\323 )-101( )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 15.444 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.273 Tw [(Journal o)11(f)11( )]TJ 5 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.667 0 TD 0.049 Tc (Acoustical)Tj -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.137 Tw (Society of America)Tj /F9 1 Tf 8.073 0 TD 0.003 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.535 0 TD 0.035 Tc (99)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1.069 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.167 Tw (, 1130-1140.)Tj -9.677 -2.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.044 Tw [(5)-21(.)-3215(Kuhl, P. K., )-106(Williams, )-148(K)7(.)7( )]TJ 15.111 0 TD -0.009 Tc (A., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.003 Tc (Lacerda, )Tj 3.889 0 TD -0.028 Tc (F., )Tj 1.333 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.195 Tw [(Stevens, K)-19(.)]TJ -21.889 -1.111 TD -0.009 Tc 0.342 Tw [(N., &)19( )]TJ 3.111 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.44 Tw [(Lindblom, B)39(.)39( )7(\(1992\). )]TJ 10.333 0 TD 0.033 Tc (\322Linguistic )Tj 5.889 0 TD 0.004 Tc (experience )Tj 5.111 0 TD 0.034 Tc (alters)Tj -24.444 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.169 Tw [(phonetic )-101(perception )-84(in infants )-12(by 6)9( )45(months )-17(o)54(f)54( )]TJ 20.333 0 TD 0 Tc 0.224 Tw (age,\323 )Tj /F8 1 Tf 3 0 TD 0.019 Tc (Science)Tj /F9 1 Tf 3.184 0 TD (,)Tj /F8 1 Tf -26.517 -1.111 TD 0.037 Tc (255)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1.612 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.161 Tw (, 606-608.)Tj -1.612 -2.111 TD 0.002 Tc 0.137 Tw [(6)-26(.)-3220(Macmillan, N. )]TJ 10.333 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0.118 Tw [(A., )28(&)21( Creelman, D)-7(.)-7( )]TJ 8.778 0 TD 0.025 Tc (\(1991)Tj /F8 1 Tf 2.456 0 TD 0.042 Tc 0.106 Tw [(\))38(.)38( Detection)]TJ -21.567 -1.111 TD 0.008 Tc 0.083 Tw (theory: A user\325s guide)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9.344 0 TD 0.079 Tw [(, New York: Cambridge.)]TJ -9.344 -2.111 TD 0.012 Tc [(7)-16(.)-3210(Miyawaki, )]TJ 8.889 0 TD -0.009 Tc (K., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.006 Tc (Strange, )Tj 3.889 0 TD -0.009 Tc (W., )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.006 Tc (Verbugge, )Tj 4.778 0 TD -0.028 Tc (R., )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.011 Tc (Liberman,)Tj -22.556 -1.111 TD -0.011 Tc (A.M., )Tj 2.778 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.306 Tw [(Jenkins, )9(J)65(.)65( )]TJ 5.556 0 TD -0.046 Tc 0.379 Tw [(J., &)-18( )]TJ 2.667 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.357 Tw [(Fujimura, O)6(.)6( )30(\(1975\). )]TJ 9.778 0 TD 0.024 Tc (\322An )Tj 2.556 0 TD -0.032 Tc 0.365 Tw [(effect o)23(f)]TJ -23.333 -1.111 TD 0.024 Tc (linguistic )Tj 4.778 0 TD 0.007 Tc (experience: )Tj 5.333 0 TD -0.009 Tc (The )Tj 2.111 0 TD 0.017 Tc 0.49 Tw [(discrimination o)59(f)59( )]TJ 8.111 0 TD -0.009 Tc ([r] )Tj 1.556 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.394 Tw [(and [l] )-68(b)-107(y)]TJ -21.889 -1.111 TD 0.009 Tc 0.558 Tw [(native speakers )14(o)51(f)51( )122(Japanese )76(and )]TJ 15.667 0 TD 0.018 Tc (English,\323 )Tj /F8 1 Tf 4.778 0 TD 0.608 Tw (Perception &)Tj -20.444 -1.111 TD 0.032 Tc (Psychophysics)Tj /F9 1 Tf 6.245 0 TD 0.003 Tc (, )Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.535 0 TD 0.035 Tc (18)Tj /F9 1 Tf 1.071 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.152 Tw (, 331-340.)Tj -7.851 -2.111 TD 0.007 Tc 0.251 Tw [(8)-21(.)-3215(Neary, T)62(.)62( )36( )64(\(1989\). )]TJ 12.444 0 TD 0.019 Tc (\322Static, )Tj 3.778 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.361 Tw (dynamic, and )Tj 6.444 0 TD 0.037 Tc (relational)Tj -22.667 -1.111 TD 0.014 Tc 0.362 Tw [(properties i)7(n)7( )84(vowel )24(perception,\323 )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 14.889 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.384 Tw [(Journal o)11(f)11( )]TJ 5.333 0 TD 0.006 Tc (the )Tj 1.889 0 TD 0.049 Tc (Acoustical)Tj -22.111 -1.111 TD 0.012 Tc 0.12 Tw (Society of America, 85)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9.677 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.159 Tw (, 2088-2113)Tj /F8 1 Tf 5.167 0 TD (.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -14.844 -2.111 TD 0.004 Tc 0.03 Tw [(9)-24(.)-3218(Stevens, K. N., )-108(Libermann, )-133(A. )]TJ 17 0 TD -0.028 Tc (M., )Tj 1.667 0 TD 0.033 Tc (Studdert-Kennedy,)Tj -18.667 -1.111 TD 0.004 Tc 0.043 Tw [(M., & \205hman, S. E. 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